Resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk. in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.): exploring some potential altered physiological and biochemical defense mechanisms

SUMMARYSimulations of the dynamics of the seed bank of Orobanche crenata Forsk. under different crop rotations are presented. Rotations studied involved four host species, lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and woolly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cavill.), and non-host species. Simulation showed that the Orobanche seed bank dynamics in three-course crop rotations would result in a high Orobanche seed population and hence in low yields of the respective crops. Replacing the susceptible by resistant legumes such as woolly-pod vetch in some of the cycles of the rotations would keep the Orobanche infestation at a low level without reducing the proportion of legumes. A three-course crop rotation with faba bean would have to be changed to a 12-coursc rotation in which faba bean was grown every twelfth year but was replaced by woolly-pod vetch or other resistant legumes in seasons 3, 6, 9; 15, 18, 21; and so on. In the three-course rotations with chickpea or lentil, these susceptible legumes would be grown every ninth year but would have to be replaced in seasons 3 and 6; 12 and 15; 21 and 24; and so on, thus changing these three-course rotations into nine-course rotations.

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Broad bean and lentil seed treatments with imidazolinones for the control of broomrape (Orobanche crenata)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859697004723 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 129 (3) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

M. JURADO-EXPÓSITO ◽

L. GARCÍA-TORRES ◽

M. CASTEJÓN-MUÑOZ

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Vicia Faba ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Broad Bean ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Orobanche Crenata ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Crop Biomass

Studies were conducted from 1993 to 1995 in Southern Spain to determine the feasibility of controlling broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) by treating seeds with imazethapyr and imazapyr. In the broad bean, soaking for 5 min in 0·01–0·1% herbicide solutions or coating at 20–40 g ha−1 (seed sowing rate 160 kg ha−1) with imazethapyr (Pursuit-10) did not affect seed germination and crop growth, and resulted in 60–80% broomrape control. Furthermore, broad bean seeds treated with imazethapyr followed by an additional late post-emergence application of imazapyr (Arsenal-25) at 5 g ha−1 resulted in excellent broomrape control (>95%). Similarly, lentil seed treatments with imazapyr by coating seeds at rates equivalent to 5–10 g ha−1 or by soaking for 5 min in 0·25% solutions did not affect germination or crop growth, and controlled 85–95% of broomrape. As a result, with broomrape-efficient herbicide treatments, crop biomass/seed yield increased as compared to broomrape-infested, non-treated controls. Herbicide seed treatments with imazapyr in broad bean and with imazethapyr in lentil were less well tolerated and were less effective in controlling broomrape than treatments with imazethapyr and imazapyr, respectively.

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Exogenous application of gibberellic acid mitigates drought-induced damage in spring wheat

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1776 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Moumita ◽

Jubayer Al Mahmud ◽

Parimal Kanti Biswas ◽

Kamrun Nahar ◽

Masayuki Fujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Glyoxalase System ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Glyoxalase Ii ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

Drought stress is a major problem in wheat production but it could be managed by using various exogenous protectants such as gibberellic acid (GA). Although GA is a plant growth hormone, it shows a potential to protect the plant in stress conditions. To investigate the possible role of GA in mitigating drought stress, we treated wheat (Triticum aestivum ‘BARI Gom-21’) seedlings with a GA spray under semihydroponic conditions. In the experiment, the combined effect of GA and drought stress (induced by 12% polyethylene glycol) was studied after 48 h and 72 h. In the absence of exogenous GA, drought-stressed wheat seedlings showed various physiological and biochemical changes in a time-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and free proline (Pro) concentrations were increased, whereas catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were reduced under drought stress. Gibberellic acid played a role in restoring the ascorbate (AsA) level, decreased the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio and reduced monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities. Gibberellic acid significantly affected the glyoxalase system. Under drought stress, the methylglyoxal (MG) concentration was increased but GA application stimulated glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activities to protect the wheat seedlings against stress. The study concluded that the severity of drought stress in wheat depends on the growth stage and it increases with an increase in the duration of stress, whereas exogenous GA helped the seedlings to survive by upregulating antioxidant defense mechanisms and the glyoxalase system.

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Towards an Understanding of Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance in Plant

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2019/v31i230042 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yogendra K. Meena ◽

Nirmaljit Kaur

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Population Pressure ◽

World Population ◽

Severe Constraint ◽

Consistent Increase ◽

Biochemical Mechanisms ◽

Physiological And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stress that can causes huge loss to the world food production. It remains a major contributor to severe food shortage and famine. With a consistent increase in world population, pressure will continue to mount on the existing yet limited water resources. The situation is respected to further aggravate due to the predicted increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation consequent upon global warming. Water scarcity has already become a severe constraint in plant survival and productivity of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. The active response of plants to drought stress through various biochemical and physiological modifications improves the metabolism and can further the mobilize various defense mechanisms in order to enhance survival of the plants under conditions of drought. In this review, various physiological and biochemical responses in plants towards enhancement of drought tolerance are discussed.

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Identification of sources of resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in Spanish lentil (Lens culinaris) germplasm

Weed Research ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00604.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

M FERNÁNDEZ-APARICIO ◽

J C SILLERO ◽

A PÉREZ-DE-LUQUE ◽

D RUBIALES

Keyword(s):

Lens Culinaris ◽

Orobanche Crenata ◽

Sources Of Resistance

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Study of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Behavior of Cultivated Legume (Lens culinaris Medik Ssp culinaris) in Dry Area of Algeria

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2019_786 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 535-541

Author(s):

T. Fatiha ◽

H. Abdelkrim ◽

K. Mostefa ◽

R. Waffa

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Protein Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Relative Water Content ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Arid Zones ◽

Important Place ◽

Relative Water ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

The victory over the protein deficiency afflicting millions of human beings is a crucial and urgent task for world agriculture. The legume Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) is one of the largest sources of protein with an average of 25% of all seeds produced worldwide. When used in crop rotation, it fertilizes the soil, as is the case in North Africa and this plant holds an important place throughout the world. In Algeria, lentil is largely growth in the semi-arid zones of the interior plains characterized by various abiotic constraints such as terminal drought which causes significant losses in lentil yield every year. For this purpose, the cases in this study aims to evaluate the effect of end of cycle water stress on the behavior of four varieties of lentil (Syrie 229, Metropole, Balkan 75 and Ibela) and to elucidate the plant’s morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters involved in tolerance and to assess varieties which could be grown under water stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory and greenhouse with a well-controlled condition. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design of two factors (water stress and varieties) with four replications and two treatments. Not treated plants (without water stress application) were utilized as control. The four tested genotypes were subjected to two water regimes, one irrigated throughout the cycle (No stressed) used as a control, the other one stressful from the beginning of flowering till seed’s filling stages (stressed). The study covered the variation of the relative water content in leaves as well as the leaf surface, the rate of proline and soluble sugars of the leaves and the total seed protein content. The obtained results showed that the studied genotypes behaved differently to the water stress. Thus, a significant decrease was observed in the relative water content from 75.29% to 70.71% and in the leaf area from 16.76 cm2 to 13.63 cm2. An opposite behavior was observed on the osmoticum accumulated as a response to water deficit. A significant increase in proline (150.14 μg/g DM to 203.69 μg/g DM) and in soluble sugars stress (60.42 μg/g DM to 110.21 μg/g DM) was detected in leaves under stressed conditions. The terminal water stress resulted also in an increase in protein content in lentil seeds from a mean value of 22.08% to 24.84%. Regarding the obtained results, Metropole genotype seems to be the most tolerant cultivar to water stress followed by Balkan 755.

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Simulation of the Seed Bank Dynamics of Orobanche crenata Forsk. in some Crop Rotations Common in Northern Syria

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700001484 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 395-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Schnell ◽

M. Kunisch ◽

M. C. Saxena ◽

J. Sauerborn

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Seed Bank ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Host Species ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Orobanche Crenata ◽

Vicia Villosa ◽

Seed Population ◽

Seed Bank Dynamics

SUMMARYSimulations of the dynamics of the seed bank of Orobanche crenata Forsk. under different crop rotations are presented. Rotations studied involved four host species, lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and woolly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cavill.), and non-host species. Simulation showed that the Orobanche seed bank dynamics in three-course crop rotations would result in a high Orobanche seed population and hence in low yields of the respective crops. Replacing the susceptible by resistant legumes such as woolly-pod vetch in some of the cycles of the rotations would keep the Orobanche infestation at a low level without reducing the proportion of legumes. A three-course crop rotation with faba bean would have to be changed to a 12-coursc rotation in which faba bean was grown every twelfth year but was replaced by woolly-pod vetch or other resistant legumes in seasons 3, 6, 9; 15, 18, 21; and so on. In the three-course rotations with chickpea or lentil, these susceptible legumes would be grown every ninth year but would have to be replaced in seasons 3 and 6; 12 and 15; 21 and 24; and so on, thus changing these three-course rotations into nine-course rotations.

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New Ultrastructural Observations on Injury and Regeneration of Cilia in Mammalian Conducting Airway Epithelium

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099544 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 624-625

Author(s):

J.L. Carson ◽

A.M. Collier

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Airway Epithelium ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Fetal Lung ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Airway Epithelial ◽

Ciliated Cells ◽

Conducting Airway ◽

Conducting Airways

The ciliated cells lining the conducting airways of mammals are integral to the defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract, functioning in coordination with secretory cells in the removal of inhaled and cellular debris. The effects of various infectious and toxic agents on the structure and function of airway epithelial cell cilia have been studied in our laboratory, both of which have been shown to affect ciliary ultrastructure.These observations have led to questions about ciliary regeneration as well as the possible induction of ciliogenesis in response to cellular injury. Classical models of ciliogenesis in the conducting airway epithelium of the mammalian respiratory tract have been based primarily on observations of the developing fetal lung. These observations provide a plausible explanation for the embryological generation of ciliary beds lining the conducting airways but do little to account for subsequent differentiation of ciliated cells and ciliogenesis during normal growth and development.

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Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences ◽

10.1042/etls20190069 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 59-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alison E. Fowler ◽

Rebecca E. Irwin ◽

Lynn S. Adler

Keyword(s):

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Future Research ◽

Immune Priming ◽

Social Bees ◽

Bee Health ◽

Landscape Scales ◽

And Function ◽

Solitary Species

Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.

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