scholarly journals Pacing strategy of a wheelchair athlete in a 5x and 10x Ironman ultra triathlon: a case study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis ◽  
Marilia Santos Andrade ◽  
Rodrigo Luiz Vancini ◽  
Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Wheelchair Athlete

Psychological Skills Training of an Elite Wheelchair Water-Skiing Athlete: A Single-Case Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie de Bressy de Guast ◽  
Jim Golby ◽  
Anna Van Wersch ◽  
Fabienne d’Arripe-Longueville
Keyword(s):  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Psychological Skills Training ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
Wheelchair Athlete

This study presents a complete psychological skills training (PST) program with a wheelchair athlete and examines the program effectiveness using a mixed-method approach. After initial testing, the athlete followed a two-month program of self-confidence building, motivational, visualization/relaxation, and injury management techniques. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine the impacts on performance and psychological abilities. The triangulated results suggest that the PST program was perceived as effective by the athlete in terms of his sporting performances and mental skills. The characteristics and implications of a PST program with this wheelchair athlete are discussed, as well as the study limitations and the perspectives for future research.

Pacing and Mood Changes While Crossing the Adriatic Sea From Italy to Albania: A Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia De Ioannon ◽  
Giuseppe Cibelli ◽  
Sergio Mignardi ◽  
Agnese Antonelli ◽  
Laura Capranica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Pacing Strategy

Purpose:To evaluate the pacing strategy, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and mood during a 78.1-km solo ultraendurance open-water swim.Methods:Before and after the event, anthropometric parameters, cortisol, and the profile of mood state (POMS) of 1 male athlete (age 48 y, height 172 cm, body mass 68 kg, body fat 7.2%, athletic achievement: Italian record holder of the Channel Swim) were ascertained. Every 3 h during the event, average swimming speed (SS), stroke rate, stroke length (SL), and RPE were recorded.Results:The athlete completed the event in 23:44 h:min. Compared with the first 3 h of swimming, decreases in SS (−33%) and SL (−25%) were observed between 18 h and 21 h. Thereafter, the athlete increased SS (+41%) and SL (+17%) between 21 h and the end. RPE steadily increased from the beginning to the last 6 h of swimming. Cortisol showed a 23-fold increase. After the event, POMS showed a 500% increase in fatigue, 44% decrease in tension, and 77% decrease in vigor.Conclusion:For the first time ever an athlete crossed the Adriatic Sea. This case study shows that the athlete adopted a variable pacing strategy to complete 78 km. Despite the athlete perceiving his effort at maximum during the last 6 h, the observed increases in SS at the end of the event might substantiate his high potential motivation to accomplish this challenging and unique event.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity and Pacing Strategy of a 5-km Indoor Race Walk During a World Record Attempt: A Case Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 2048-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Vernillo ◽  
Maria F Piacentini ◽  
Andrew Drake ◽  
Luca Agnello ◽  
Pierluigi Fiorella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
World Record ◽  
Pacing Strategy

scholarly journals Pacing and Performance Analysis of the World’s Fastest Female Ultra-Triathlete in 5x and 10x Ironman

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
World Record ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Present Case Study

The aim of the present case study was to analyse the performance data of the world’s best female ultra-triathlete setting a new world record in a Quintuple (5xIronman) and Deca Iron (10xIronman) ultra-triathlon, within and between race days, and between disciplines (cycling and running) and races (Quintuple and Deca Iron ultra-triathlon). The subject was an elite female triathlete (52 kg, 169 cm) born in 1983. At the time of her world record in Quintuple Iron ultra-triathlon she had an age of 35 years and at the time of the world record in Deca Iron ultra-triathlon 36 years old. The distribution of time spent in each discipline and transitions was 8.48% in swimming, 51.67% cycling, 37.91% running, and 1.94% transitions. There was no difference between the race days of the average speed neither in cycling nor running. The running pace had a within-day variation larger than the cycling pace, and also varied more between race days. In conclusion, the world’s best female ultra-triathlete adopted a steady (even) pacing strategy for both cycling and running, without substantial variations within- or between race days, for both the world record in a Quintuple and a Deca Iron ultra-triathlon.

Optimal Race Strategy for a 200-m Flying Sprint in a Human-Powered Vehicle: A Case Study of a World-Record Attempt

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-219
Author(s):  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Cees-Jan van der Zweep ◽  
Jesper Cornelissen ◽  
Bouke Kuiper
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
World Record ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Powered ◽  
Physical Capacities

Optimal pacing strategy was determined for breaking the world speed record on a human-powered vehicle (HPV) using an energy-flow model in which the rider’s physical capacities, the vehicle’s properties, and the environmental conditions were included. Power data from world-record attempts were compared with data from the model, and race protocols were adjusted to the results from the model. HPV performance can be improved by using an energy-flow model for optimizing race strategy. A biphased in-run followed by a sprint gave best results.

scholarly journals Case Study: Effect of Handrim Diameter on Performance in a Paralympic Wheelchair Athlete

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Brizuela Costa ◽  
Miguel Polo Rubio ◽  
Salvador Llana Belloch ◽  
Pedro Pérez Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
World Records ◽  
Wheelchair Athlete

This study, with a top T-52 class athlete, determines the relationship between stroke frequency (SF) and push time (PT) and wheelchair velocity (Wv) using different handrim diameters (HD) and the effect of different HDs on the athlete’s heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (LACT) at competition speeds. Wv shows a linear-direct relationship with SF but a linear-inverse relationship with PT (p < .001 in both cases). Using bigger handrims (0.37 m instead of 0.36 m), SF increases 6%, while PT decreases 27% (at 24 Km·h–1). HR (p < .0001) increases with Wv and is also affected by HD with differences between the 0.34 m—0.36 m handrim group (lower values) and the 0.37 m handrim (higher values). Significant interaction (p < .0001) is identified between HD and Wv. LACT results seem to follow the same direction as HR. This methodology helped the athlete to choose the optimum HD, and his achievements (some world records) indicate that HD optimization could be highly profitable in sport terms.

Bicycle change strategy for uphill time-trial races

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio D Roa ◽  
Luis E Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Change Strategy ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Gradient Variation

In uphill time-trial cycling races, riders have to travel along routes characterized by high-gradient variations in the shortest time possible. Due to this gradient variation, the appropriate selection among time-trial bicycles and traditional road bicycles is essential to reduce the power demand. For some uphill courses, the bicycle selection is not necessarily unique, with the possibility of a bicycle change during the race to take advantage of the performance of each type of bicycle for specific sections of the route. In this study, a method for planning the bicycle-changing strategy is proposed. A dynamic model to predict the race time for two types of bicycles is implemented, and an optimization problem for minimizing the race time is presented. A case study is analyzed in which the uphill time-trial route of the Giro d’Italia 2014 is studied in the context of professional cyclists’ performance. It was found that the use of the bicycle change strategy led to a time saving of about 43 s with respect to the time obtained when using only a road bicycle. It was also found that a combination of the bicycle change strategy with an optimal pacing strategy led to a time saving of about 92 s.

Demands of the Tour de France: A Case Study of a World-Class Sprinter (Part I)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Teun van Erp ◽  
Marcel Kittel ◽  
Robert P. Lamberts
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Lower Load ◽  
World Class ◽  
Load Intensity ◽  
And Performance

Purpose: To describe the intensity, load, and performance characteristics of a world-class sprinter competing in the Tour de France (TdF). Method: Power output (PO) data were collected from 4 editions of the TdF (2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017) and analyzed. Load, intensity distribution in 5 PO zones, and the maximal mean PO for multiple durations were quantified. Stages were divided in accordance with the 4 different editions of the TdF, as well as the 4 different stage types, that is, flat (FLAT), semimountainous (SMT), mountain (MT), and (team) time trials. In addition, based on their location within the stage, mountain passes were further classified as BEGINNING, MIDDLE, or END of the stage. Results: No differences in load, intensity, and performance characteristics were found when the 4 editions of the TdF were compared. Time trials were associated with higher intensities but a lower load compared to the other stage types. MT showed higher load and intensity values compared to FLAT and SMT stages. FLAT stages were higher in short maximal mean PO (≤1 min), whereas MT stages showed higher longer endurance maximal mean PO values (≥20 min). In addition, mountain passes situated at the BEGINNING of the stage were completed with a higher PO, cadence, and speed compared with mountain passes situated at the END. Conclusions: A world-class sprinter sustains a higher load and spends more time in the high-intensity zones when competing in the TdF than previously reported values suggested. To finish the MT stages as efficiently as possible, sprinters adopt a reverse pacing strategy.

scholarly journals Influence of Training Load on Mood Disturbance at Sea Level and 3900 m Altitude: A Case Study of a Wheelchair Athlete

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Santiago Sanz-Quinto ◽  
Gabriel Brizuela ◽  
Raúl López-Grueso ◽  
Ian Rice ◽  
Manuel Moya-Ramón
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Mood Disturbance ◽  
Profile Of Mood States ◽  
Physiological Assessment ◽  
Survey Approach ◽  
Wheelchair Athlete

The purpose of this case study was to investigate the influence of a training load (TL), oxygen saturation (SO2) and blood pressure (BP) on mood states in a wheelchair marathoner during (7 weeks at sea level (SL), 5 weeks at 3860 m altitude, 1 week returning to SL). TL was obtained with Foster’s equation while mood states were obtained with the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS). Furthermore, SO2 and BP were assessed upon wakening. SO2 (%) decreased at altitude, compared to SL (88.31 ± 2.46 vs. 98.52 ± 0.11) and increased until the last week at altitude (92.64 ± 1.12). Systolic pressure (SP) increased at altitude compared to pre-altitude (126.0 ± 5.1 vs. 107.6 ± 4.4 mmhg), and was not different from the last week at altitude. Controlling for SO2 and SP, differences were also observed in fatigue (97.66 ± 18.92 vs. 17.39 ± 13.71) and vigor (73.23 ± 8.62 vs. 26.48 ± 11.89) as a function of altitude. Upon return to SL, fatigue, vigor, SO2 and SP returned to pre values. This case study demonstrated the POMS was sensitive to worsening patterns in fatigue and vigor at altitude through a practical survey approach combined with daily physiological assessment.

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