The impact of gap dimensions on passengers boarding and alighting using different mobility aids at railway stations by laboratory experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202
Author(s):  
Sebastian Seriani ◽  
Rodrigo Fernández ◽  
Constanza Oyanedel
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Mobility Aids ◽  
The Impact

From Silent Spring to The Frog of War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Skelly
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Rachel Carson ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Silent Spring ◽  
The World ◽  
History Information ◽  
Wildlife Populations ◽  
The Impact

This chapter presents two examples to demonstrate that natural history is the necessary basis of any reliable understanding of the world. More than a half century ago, Rachel Carson revolutionized the public’s view of pesticides. The foundation of her success was the careful use of natural history data, collated from across North America. The examples she assembled left little doubt that DDT and other pesticides were causing a widespread decline in birds. More recently, the case for the impact of atrazine on wildlife was based on laboratory experiments, without the advantage of natural history observations. For atrazine, natural history observations now suggest that other chemical agents are more likely to be responsible for feminization of wildlife populations. Developing expectations for scientists to collect natural history information can help to avoid over-extrapolating lab results to wild populations, a tendency often seen when those lab results conform to preconceptions about chemicals in the environment.

scholarly journals Natural dimethyl sulfide gradients would lead marine predators to higher prey biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie Owen ◽  
Kentaro Saeki ◽  
Joseph D. Warren ◽  
Alessandro Bocconcelli ◽  
David N. Wiley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Foraging Success ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Prey Biomass ◽  
Marine Predators ◽  
Predator Foraging ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFinding prey is essential to survival, with marine predators hypothesised to track chemicals such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) while foraging. Many predators are attracted to artificially released DMS, and laboratory experiments have shown that zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton accelerates DMS release. However, whether natural DMS concentrations are useful for predators and correlated to areas of high prey biomass remains a fundamental knowledge gap. Here, we used concurrent hydroacoustic surveys and in situ DMS measurements to present evidence that zooplankton biomass is spatially correlated to natural DMS concentration in air and seawater. Using agent simulations, we also show that following gradients of DMS would lead zooplankton predators to areas of higher prey biomass than swimming randomly. Further understanding of the conditions and scales over which these gradients occur, and how they are used by predators, is essential to predicting the impact of future changes in the ocean on predator foraging success.

scholarly journals Design and construction of the barrier system for the Halton Landfill

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kerry Rowe ◽  
Chris J Caers ◽  
Glenn Reynolds ◽  
Cliff Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Concentration Profile ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Air Pocket ◽  
The Impact

Considerations related to the design of the Halton Landfill as a "hydraulic trap" are summarized together with the research that was conducted to support the design concept. The interrelationship between hydrogeology and the engineered design is examined. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that there can be diffusion away from a source, even with significant inward velocity. Existing theory was found to provide a good prediction of the observed concentration profile in these experiments. It is also shown that a pressurized air pocket below the clay effectively acts as a zero-flux boundary and hence, with respect to migration of chloride, could be conservatively neglected in the impact assessment. The results of the impact calculations predict only a small increase in chloride concentration in the receptor aquifer while there is negligible predicted impact due to organic contaminants. The landfill was designed and constructed with a granular "sub-liner contingency layer" (SLCL) beneath the compacted liner. The operation of this layer is discussed. Finally, the construction of the compacted clayey liner with a hydraulic conductivity of 1 × 10-8 cm/s is documented.Key words: landfill, hydraulic containment, liner, field case, construction.

Nitrogen process in stormwater bioretention: The impact of alternate drying and rewetting on nitrogen migration and transformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Chen ◽  
Renyu Chen ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Xuehua Yu ◽  
Shuang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Transformation ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Bioretention System ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Drying And Rewetting ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Abstract Nitrogen migration and transformation in the stormwater bioretention system were studied in laboratory experiments, in which the effects of drying-rewetting were particularly investigated. The occurrence and distribution of nitrogen in the plants, the soil, and the pore water were explored under different drying-rewetting cycles. The results clearly showed that bioretention system could remove nitrogen efficiently in all drying-rewetting cycles. The incoming nitrogen could be retained in the topsoil (0–10 cm) and accumulated in the planted layer. However, the overlong dry periods (12 and 22 days) cause an increase in nitrate in the pore water. In addition, nitrogen is mostly stored in the plants’ stem tissues. Up to 23.26% of the inflowing nitrogen can be immobilized in plant organ after a dry period of 22 days. In addition, the relationships between nitrogen reductase activity in the soil and soil nitrogen content were explored. The increase of soil TN content could enhance the activity of nitrate reductase. Meanwhile, the activity of hydroxylamine reductase (HyR) could be enhanced with the increase of soil NO3− content. These results provide a reference for the future development of nitrogen transformation mechanism and the construction of stormwater bioretention systems.

Can Advertising Copy Make FSI Coupons More Effective?

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
France Leclerc ◽  
John D. C. Little
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Packaged Goods ◽  
Print Advertisement ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Impact

Packaged goods manufacturers distribute cents-off coupons in freestanding inserts (FSIs) in newspapers. Free-standing insert coupons are typically composed of two parts: the coupon per se and a print advertisement. Using two laboratory experiments and a separate analysis of coupon measurements from scanner panels, the authors investigate whether the content of the print advertisement influences the effectiveness of the coupon. Theoretical arguments suggest that the impact on consumer attitudes will depend on the executional cues of the copy, the brand loyalty of the consumers, and the consumer's involvement with the product category. The results support the theoretical framework and suggest that it is possible to make FSI coupons more effective by choosing appropriate executional cues for their advertising copy.

scholarly journals Equity and Efficiency in Multi-Worker Firms: Insights from Experimental Economics

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Abeler ◽  
Steffen Altmann ◽  
Sebastian J. Goerg ◽  
Matthias Wibral
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Economics ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Incomplete Contracts ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Workplace Behavior ◽  
Equity And Efficiency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wage Schemes

AbstractIn this article, we discuss recent evidence from experimental economics on the impact of social preferences on workplace behavior. We focus on situations in which a single employer interacts with multiple employees. Traditionally, equity and efficiency have been seen as opposing aims in such work environments: individual pay-for-performance wage schemes maximize of efficiency but might lead to inequitable outcomes. We present findings from laboratory experiments that show under which circumstances partially incomplete contracts can create equitable work environments while at the same time reaching surprisingly efficient outcomes.

The relationship between Home-time, quality of life and costs after ischemic stroke: the impact of the need for mobility aids, home and car modifications on Home-time

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dewilde ◽  
Lieven Annemans ◽  
Andre Peeters ◽  
Dimitri Hemelsoet ◽  
Yves Vandermeeren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Mobility Aids ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Numerical and Laboratory Experiments on the Destruction of Construction Materials under the Impact of an Electromagnetic Field

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 558-563
Author(s):  
V. B. Lapshin ◽  
V. B. Smirnov ◽  
A. A. Skubachevsky ◽  
A. V. Ponomarev ◽  
A. V. Patonin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
The Impact

Towards astrobiological experimental approaches to study planetary UV surface environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (S345) ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
Ximena C. Abrevaya ◽  
Martin Leitzinger ◽  
Oscar J. Oppezzo ◽  
Petra Odert ◽  
G. Juan M. Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Atmospheric Attenuation ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe stellar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been studied in the last decade and has been found to be an important factor to determine the habitability of planetary surfaces. It is known that UVR can be a constraint for life. However, most of the studies of UVR and habitability have missed some fundamental aspects: i) Accurate estimation of the planetary atmospheric attenuation, ii) The biological inferences used to represent the impact of the stellar UVR on life are theoretical and based on the action spectrum (for DNA or microorganisms) or considering parameters as the “lethal dose” obtained from non-astrobiological experiments. Therefore, the conclusions reached by previous studies about the UVR habitability of planetary bodies may be inaccurate. In this work, we propose how to address these studies in a more accurate way through an interdisciplinary approach that combines astrophysics, microbiology, and photobiology and by the use of specially designed laboratory experiments.

A Scaling Law for the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon: Deductions From Field Measurements and Comparisons With Existing Results From Laboratory Experiments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina K.-A. Neophytou ◽  
Harindra J. S. Fernando ◽  
Ekaterina Batchvarova ◽  
Mats Sandberg ◽  
Jos Lelieveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

We report results from a multi-scale field experiment conducted in Cyprus in July 2010 in order to investigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) in Nicosia capital city and its interaction with multi-scale meteorological phenomena taking place in the broader region. Specifically, the results are analysed and interpreted in terms of a non-dimensional/scaling parameter dictating the urban heat island circulation reported from laboratory experiments (Fernando et al, 2010). We find that the field measurements obey the same scaling law during the day, in the absence of any other flow phenomena apart from the urban heating. During the night we find that the deduced non-dimensional value reduces to half (compared to that during the day); this is due to the presence of katabatic winds from Troodos mountains into the urban center of Nicosia and their cooling effect superimposed on diurnal urban heating. Based on this deduction, the impact of various proposed heat island mitigation measures in urban planning can be evaluated.

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