scholarly journals CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shearer ◽  
G. Cudkowicz ◽  
R. L. Priore
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Donor Cell ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Differentiated Cells

Spleen cell suspensions of primed donor mice containing precursors of immunocytes have been transplanted into X-irradiated recipient mice 122–138 days after immunization. Following secondary stimulation with antigen (sheep erythrocytes), these precursors, called antigen-sensitive units (ASU), gave rise to progeny cells secreting specific antibody in the spleens of recipients. Single cells releasing IgM hemolysins (direct plaque-forming cells or PFC), IgG hemolysins (indirect PFC), and hemagglutinins (cluster-forming cells or CFC) were enumerated. By transplanting graded and limiting numbers of primed spleen cells, inocula were found which contained one or a few ASU reaching the recipient spleens. We estimated, thereby, the frequency of ASU detectable by our procedures in donor cell suspensions. The values obtained from direct and in-indirect plaque assays, and from cluster assays were 1 in ∼8.0 x 105, 1 in ∼4.4 x 105, and 1 in ∼5.9 x 105 nucleated spleen cells, respectively. The number of splenic ASU for direct PFC was not greater than that of unimmunized mice; however, immunization greatly increased the number of splenic ASU for indirect PFC and for CFC. By applying to each recipient spleen direct and indirect plaque tests and cluster tests, we found that positivity for each type of immunocyte was independent from that of the other two types. These results confirm the unipotent nature of splenic ASU in general, and document the commitment of ASU primed with SRBC to generate progeny cells secreting antibody of a single molecular (IgM or IgG) or functional (lysin or agglutinin) class. We concluded that splenic ASU are composed of relatively differentiated cells of the immune system of mice. With respect to specificity and class differentiation, ASU appear to be as specialized as antibody-producing cells themselves. Our results did not support the view that ASU-derived clonal populations shift from IgM to IgG antibody production.

scholarly journals CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE

1968 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shearer ◽  
G. Cudkowicz ◽  
Mary St. James Connell ◽  
R. L. Priore
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Sheep Erythrocyte ◽  
Donor Cell ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Antibody Class

Spleen cell suspensions of unprimed donor mice containing precursors of immunocytes have been transplanted into X-irradiated recipient mice. In the presence of antigen (sheep erythrocytes) these precursors, called antigen-sensitive units, gave rise to progeny cells secreting specific antibody. We studied quantitatively the production of cells releasing IgM hemolysins (direct plaque-forming cells), IgG hemolysins (indirect plaque-forming cells), and hemagglutinins (cluster-forming cells). We found that each of these immunocyte populations was distinct, i.e., that cells releasing agglutinins did not, as a rule, release hemolysins, and vice versa. We also found that cell populations secreting IgM hemolysins did not shift, under certain experimental conditions, to the production of IgG hemolysins during the primary immune response. By transplanting graded numbers of spleen cells, we succeeded in limiting to one or a few the number of antigen-sensitive units that reached the recipient spleen. We estimated thereby the frequency of antigen-sensitive units in donor cell suspensions and tested their potential for production of immunocytes of more than one type. Our results indicated that antigen-sensitive units were unipotent for they displayed in the spleens of unprimed donors the same restrictions of function and heterogeneity (antibody-specificity differentiation, antibody-class differentiation) found among antibody-forming cells. Furthermore, antigen-sensitive precursors for direct plaque-forming cells, indirect plaque-forming cells, and cluster-forming cells were detected in the spleens of unprimed mice in different frequencies, i.e., 1 in ∼ 106, 1 in ∼ 7 x 106, and 1 in ∼ 19 x 106 spleen cells, respectively. We concluded that relatively advanced differentiation of potentially competent cells occurs before sheep erythrocyte administration. The relevance of this finding for the broad spectrum of immunologic reactivities and for the heterogeneity of antibody responses to given antigens was discussed.

scholarly journals CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shearer ◽  
G. Cudkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Marrow Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thymus Cells ◽  
Marrow Cells

Marrow cell suspensions of unprimed donor mice have been transplanted into X-irradiated syngeneic hosts. 5–46 days later, bone cavities and spleens contained regenerated cells of the immune system which required interaction with thymocytes (from intact donors) and antigen (SRBC) to form antigen-sensitive units (ASU) and to generate mature immunocytes. These cells were capable of differentiating either into direct or indirect hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC). The precursors of PFC regenerated earlier than the other cell type necessary for immunocompetence, the antigen-reactive cell (ARC). The latter was not found until 10 or more days after transplantation. Availability of ARC was inferred from PFC responses elicited by grafted mice challenged with SRBC at varying intervals. In a second series of experiments, graded numbers of marrow cells (ranging from 107 to 5 x 107) were transplanted with 5 x 107 or 108 thymocytes into irradiated mice, and SRBC were given 18 hr later. After 9–12 days the recipient spleens contained all or some of the following immunocytes: direct and indirect PFC, and hemagglutinating cluster-forming cells. The frequency of each immune response varied independently of the others, but in relation to the number of marrow cells grafted. This was interpreted to indicate that ASU formed in irradiated mice by interaction of marrow and thymus cells were similar to those of intact mice. In particular, they were specialized for the molecular class (IgM or IgG) and function (lysis or agglutination) of the antibody to be secreted by their descendent immunocytes. Hence, class-differentiation appeared to be conferred upon ASU by their marrow-derived components.

The development of body and organ shape

BMC Zoology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansa E. Cobham ◽  
Christen K. Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Size Characterization ◽  
Organ Shape ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body. Main text Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics. Conclusion In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.

scholarly journals SUGAR-seq enables simultaneous detection of glycans, epitopes, and the transcriptome in single cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. eabe3610
Author(s):  
Conor J. Kearney ◽  
Stephin J. Vervoort ◽  
Kelly M. Ramsbottom ◽  
Izabela Todorovski ◽  
Emily J. Lelliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Posttranslational Modification ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Simultaneous Integration ◽  
Unique Surface

Multimodal single-cell RNA sequencing enables the precise mapping of transcriptional and phenotypic features of cellular differentiation states but does not allow for simultaneous integration of critical posttranslational modification data. Here, we describe SUrface-protein Glycan And RNA-seq (SUGAR-seq), a method that enables detection and analysis of N-linked glycosylation, extracellular epitopes, and the transcriptome at the single-cell level. Integrated SUGAR-seq and glycoproteome analysis identified tumor-infiltrating T cells with unique surface glycan properties that report their epigenetic and functional state.

scholarly journals Changes in epigenetic profiles throughout early childhood and their relationship to the response to pneumococcal vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Pischedda ◽  
Daniel O’Connor ◽  
Benjamin P. Fairfax ◽  
Antonio Salas ◽  
Federico Martinon-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections

Abstract Background Pneumococcal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children and immaturity of the immune system partly underlies poor vaccine responses seen in the young. Emerging evidence suggests a key role for epigenetics in the maturation and regulation of the immune system in health and disease. The study aimed to investigate epigenetic changes in early life and to understand the relationship between the epigenome and antigen-specific antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccination. Methods The epigenetic profiles from 24 healthy children were analyzed at 12 months prior to a booster dose of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13), and at 24 months of age, using the Illumina Methylation 450 K assay and assessed for differences over time and between high and low vaccine responders. Results Our analysis revealed 721 significantly differentially methylated positions between 12 and 24 months (FDR < 0.01), with significant enrichment in pathways involved in the regulation of cell–cell adhesion and T cell activation. Comparing high and low vaccine responders, we identified differentially methylated CpG sites (P value < 0.01) associated with HLA-DPB1 and IL6. Conclusion These data imply that epigenetic changes that occur during early childhood may be associated with antigen-specific antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccines.

scholarly journals OP0096 EXPOSURE TO DENGUE INFECTION DO NOT RAISE RISK OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: FINDINGS FROM THE MALAYSIAN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (MYEIRA) CASE-CONTROL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 53.1-53
Author(s):  
L. K. Tan ◽  
C. L. Too ◽  
A. F. Nurul-Aain ◽  
A. A. Siti-Aisyah ◽  
S. Wahinuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Director General ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Malaysian Population ◽  
Mixed Ethnicity

Background:Dengue infection is associated with joints pain mimicking disease onset symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there is lack of epidemiological studies on exposure to dengue infection and risk of future RA.Objectives:We investigated the relationship between exposure to dengue infection and risk of developing different subsets of RA, defined by the presence of anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) in the multi-ethnic Malaysian population.Methods:Serum samples from 1,235 RA cases (i.e. 516 Malay, 254 Chinese, 405 Indians and 60 others/mixed-ethnicity) and 1,624 epidemiological matched population-based controls (i.e. 1,023 Malay, 208 Chinese, 297 Indians and 96 others/mixed-ethnicity) were assayed for presence of dengue IgG antibody using World Health Organization recommended ELISA kits. Positive results of dengue IgG antibodies indicates previous exposure to dengue infection(s). We performed chi-square and Mann-Whitney U analysis to determine the association of ever-exposed dengue infection with ACPA-positive/ACPA-negative RA and to investigate the antibody frequency and levels among the studied populations.Results:We observed high occurrence of dengue IgG antibody in the overall RA cases (79.7%) and matched controls (77.3%), with no significant differences detected between the ACPA subsets of RA. Ethnicity stratification analysis revealed a decrease risk of developing ACPA-positive RA in the Indian patients with positive dengue IgG antibody (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.94, p=0.03), and in particular patients with elevated level of dengue IgG antibody (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.25-0.78, p<0.05). On the other hand, the significant decrease mean levels of dengue IgG antibody were observed in the ACPA-positive RA subset for all three major ethnic groups (i.e. Malay, p<0.0001, Chinese, p<0.01 and Indian<0.05) (Figure 1). No association was observed between presence of dengue IgG antibody and ACPA-negative RA subset.Figure 1.Comparison of mean dengue IgG antibody level between ever-exposed dengue infection RA cases, stratified by ACPA status. Comparison of median dengue IgG antibody level between the ever-exposed dengue infection ACPA-positive RA and normal controls in the four ethnic groups. The red line indicates the mean level of dengue IgG antibody levelConclusion:Our findings demonstrated that exposure to dengue infection do not increase the risk of developing future RA in the multi-ethnic Malaysian population. The inverse associations observed in the Indian ethnic group are in line with the other studies investigating exposure to viral infection and risk of RA.References:[1]Sherina et al (2017) Low levels of antibodies against common viruses associate with anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis; implications for disease aetiology. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2017, 19:2169[2]Gissel García et. al. (2011) Long-term persistence of clinical symptoms in dengue-infected persons and its association with immunological disorders. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15 (2011) e38–e43Acknowledgements:The authors would like to thank the Director General of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia for supporting this study. The authors are also indebted to participants for their kind participation. This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (JPP-IMR 17-025) and the short-term research grant by UniKL RCMP (str16037).Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nicotine Administered by Patch in an Animal Model

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Kalra ◽  
Shashi P. Singh ◽  
Juan C. Pena-Philippides ◽  
Raymond J. Langley ◽  
Seddigheh Razani-Boroujerdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Nicotine Patch ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Nicotine Patches ◽  
Immunological Effects

ABSTRACT To study the immunological effects of nicotine, there are several rodent models for chronic nicotine administration. These models include subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pumps, nicotine-spiked drinking water, and self-administration via jugular cannulae. Administration of nicotine via these routes affects the immune system. Smokers frequently use nicotine patches to quit smoking, and the immunological effects of nicotine patches are largely unknown. To determine whether the nicotine patch affects the immune system, nicotine patches were affixed daily onto the backs of Lewis rats for 3 to 4 weeks. The patches efficiently raised the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and strongly inhibited the antibody-forming cell response of spleen cells to sheep red blood cells. The nicotine patch also suppressed the concanavalin A-induced T-cell proliferation and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ by spleen cells, as well as the fever response of animals to subcutaneous administration of turpentine. Moreover, immunosuppression was associated with chronic activation of protein tyrosine kinase and phospholipase C-γ1 activities. Thus, in this animal model of nicotine administration, the nicotine patch efficiently raises the levels of nicotine and cotinine in serum and impairs both the immune and inflammatory responses.

The Developmental Capacity of Nuclei taken from Intestinal Epithelium Cells of Feeding Tadpoles

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gurdon
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Developmental Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Changes ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Epithelium Cells ◽  
Saline Medium

An important problem in embryology is whether the differentiation of cells depends upon a stable restriction of the genetic information contained in their nuclei. The technique of nuclear transplantation has shown to what extent the nuclei of differentiating cells can promote the formation of different cell types (e.g. King & Briggs, 1956; Gurdon, 1960c). Yet no experiments have so far been published on the transplantation of nuclei from fully differentiated normal cells. This is partly because it is difficult to obtain meaningful results from such experiments. The small amount of cytoplasm in differentiated cells renders their nuclei susceptible to damage through exposure to the saline medium, and this makes it difficult to assess the significance of the abnormalities resulting from their transplantation. It is, however, very desirable to know the developmental capacity of such nuclei, since any nuclear changes which are necessarily involved in cellular differentiation must have already taken place in cells of this kind.

Changes in the size and structure of the nucleolus of columnar cells during their migration from crypt base to villus top in rat jejunum

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
G.G. Altmann ◽  
C.P. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rat Jejunum ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Image Analyser ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
Columnar Cells ◽  
Crypt Base ◽  
Size And Structure ◽  
Nucleolar Components

An image analyser was used to measure the area of the nucleolus and its component parts in columnar cells at six levels of the jejunal epithelium, corresponding to stages in cell migration from crypt base to villus top. In columnar cells of crypt base, which function as stem cells for the epithelium, the nucleolus is large (3.1 micron2), irregular and reticulated. As cells migrate up the crypt, divide and differentiate, the nucleolus decreases in size (1.7 micron2) and becomes spherical, but remains reticulated. In the fully differentiated cells of the midvillus, however, the nucleolus becomes small (0.9 micron2) and compact. At the villus top, as the cells display early signs of degeneration, the nucleolus is further compacted (0.5 micron2). Most nucleolar components also decrease in size. Pars fibrosa (about 19% of the nucleolar area in crypt base) and pars granulosa (about 70%) decrease in proportion to the rest of the nucleolus, except in mid-villus and villus top where loss of pars granulosa predominates. In contrast, the total area of fibrillar centres remains constant (about 0.1 micron2), even though individual centres are small and numerous in crypt base, larger and fewer at higher levels, and they coalesce into a single structure in villus top. The other nucleolar components are also segregated into distinct, but adjacent, areas at this level. The changes in size and structure of the nucleolus taking place during the migration of columnar cells can be correlated with the maturation of the cells and the loss of their ability to synthesize ribosomal RNA.

Embryogenesis and larval differentiation in sponges

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Leys ◽  
A V Ereskovsky
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Cellular Material ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Having descended from the first multicellular animals on earth, sponges are a key group in which to seek innovations that form the basis of the metazoan body plan, but sponges themselves have a body plan that is extremely difficult to reconcile with that of other animals. Adult sponges lack overt anterior–posterior polarity and sensory organs, and whether they possess true tissues is even debated. Nevertheless, sexual reproduction occurs as in other metazoans, with the development of embryos through a structured series of cellular divisions and organized rearrangements of cellular material, using both mesenchymal and epithelial movements to form a multicellular embryo. In most cases, the embryo undergoes morphogenesis into a spatially organized larva that has several cell layers, anterior–posterior polarity, and sensory capabilities. Here we review original data on the mode of cleavage, timing of cellular differentiation, and the mechanisms involved in the organization of differentiated cells to form the highly structured sponge larva. Our ultimate goal is to develop interpretations of the phylogenetic importance of these data within the Porifera and among basal Metazoa.

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