scholarly journals IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST NATIVE AND CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ALBUMINS IN MICE

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 1616-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Schirrmacher ◽  
Hans Wigzell
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Cell Transfer ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

Immune cells induced by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its methylated derivative (MBSA) have been compared in a cooperative cell transfer system for their content of BSA-specific antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP, B) and BSA-specific helper (T) cells. When MBSA immune cells were transferred together with hapten-primed cells into recipient mice which were stimulated by a hapten-BSA conjugate, their cooperative secondary anti-hapten response was as good as in case of transferred BSA immune cells. Their secondary anti-BSA response, however, was markedly reduced (reduction factor > 30). Hapten-MBSA conjugates had the same capacity to react with BSA-specific helper cells in the cooperative secondary anti-hapten response as hapten-BSA conjugates but had a reduced ability to react with BSA-specific AFCP cells. In spite of the pronounced reduction of the B cell response, MBSA had the same threshold dose as BSA for activating BSA-specific T cells. These data suggest that B and T cells recognize different epitopes on the BSA molecule, only those recognized by B cells being affected by the methylation procedure.

scholarly journals Genetic control of immune responses in vitro. VI. Experimental conditions for the development of helper T-cell activity specific for the terpolymer L-glutamic aicd60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) in nonresponder mice.

1975 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Kapp ◽  
C W Pierce ◽  
B Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Mice which are genetic nonresponders to the random terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) not only fail to develop GAT-specific antibody responses when stimulated with soluble GAT either in vivo or in vitro, but develop GAT-specific T cells which suppress the GAT-specific plaque-forming cell response of normal nonresponder mice stimulated with GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA).Thus, both responder and nonresponder mice have T cells which recognize GAT. However, nonresponder mice can develop GAT-specific helper T cells if immunized with GAT bound to MBSA or to macrophages. The relevance of Ir gene-controlled responses is discussed.

scholarly journals The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yu Lei ◽  
Ying-Ze Ye ◽  
Xi-Qun Zhu ◽  
Daniel Smerin ◽  
Li-Juan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractThrough considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

scholarly journals TAM Receptor Inhibition–Implications for Cancer and the Immune System

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1195
Author(s):  
Pia Aehnlich ◽  
Richard Morgan Powell ◽  
Marlies J. W. Peeters ◽  
Anne Rahbech ◽  
Per thor Straten
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Tam Receptors

Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM) receptors are receptor tyrosine kinases which play important roles in efferocytosis and in the balancing of immune responses and inflammation. TAM receptor activation is induced upon binding of the ligands protein S (Pros1) or growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) which act as bridging molecules for binding of phosphatidyl serine (PtdSer) exposed on apoptotic cell membranes. Upon clearance of apoptotic cell material, TAM receptor activation on innate cells suppresses proinflammatory functions, thereby ensuring the immunologically silent removal of apoptotic material in the absence of deleterious immune responses. However, in T cells, MerTK signaling is costimulatory and promotes activation and functional output of the cell. MerTK and Axl are also aberrantly expressed in a range of both hematological and solid tumor malignancies, including breast, lung, melanoma and acute myeloid leukemia, where they have a role in oncogenic signaling. Consequently, TAM receptors are being investigated as therapeutic targets using small molecule inhibitors and have already demonstrated efficacy in mouse tumor models. Thus, inhibition of TAM signaling in cancer cells could have therapeutic value but given the opposing roles of TAM signaling in innate cells and T cells, TAM inhibition could also jeopardize anticancer immune responses. This conflict is discussed in this review, describing the effects of TAM inhibition on cancer cells as well as immune cells, while also examining the intricate interplay of cancer and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect endocrine-mediated suppression of human endometrial CD8+T cell cytotoxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Shen ◽  
M. Rodriguez-Garcia ◽  
M. V. Patel ◽  
C. R. Wira
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Gynecological Cancers ◽  
Protective Strategies ◽  
T Cell Cytotoxicity

AbstractRegulation of endometrial (EM) CD8+T cells is essential for successful reproduction and protection against pathogens. Suppression of CD8+T cells is necessary for a tolerogenic environment that promotes implantation and pregnancy. However, the mechanisms regulating this process remain unclear. Sex hormones are known to control immune responses directly on immune cells and indirectly through the tissue environment. When the actions of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and TGFβ on EM CD8+T cells were evaluated, cytotoxic activity, perforin and granzymes were directly suppressed by E2 and TGFβ but not P. Moreover, incubation of polarized EM epithelial cells with P, but not E2, increased TGFβ secretion. These findings suggest that E2 acts directly on CD8+T cell to suppress cytotoxic activity while P acts indirectly through induction of TGFβ production. Understanding the mechanisms involved in regulating endometrial CD8+T cells is essential for optimizing reproductive success and developing protective strategies against genital infections and gynecological cancers.

Follicular helper T cells poise immune responses to the development of autoimmune pathology

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Gómez-Martín ◽  
Mariana Díaz-Zamudio ◽  
Jorge Romo-Tena ◽  
María J Ibarra-Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Alcocer-Varela
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Follicular Helper T Cells ◽  
Follicular Helper ◽  
Autoimmune Pathology

scholarly journals The Complex Role of Regulatory T Cells in Immunity and Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Rocamora-Reverte ◽  
Franz Leonard Melzer ◽  
Reinhard Würzner ◽  
Birgit Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Γδt Cells ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Self Antigens

The immune system is a tightly regulated network which allows the development of defense mechanisms against foreign antigens and tolerance toward self-antigens. Regulatory T cells (Treg) contribute to immune homeostasis by maintaining unresponsiveness to self-antigens and suppressing exaggerated immune responses. Dysregulation of any of these processes can lead to serious consequences. Classically, Treg cell functions have been described in CD4+ T cells, but other immune cells also harbour the capacity to modulate immune responses. Regulatory functions have been described for different CD8+ T cell subsets, as well as other T cells such as γδT cells or NKT cells. In this review we describe the diverse populations of Treg cells and their role in different scenarios. Special attention is paid to the aging process, which is characterized by an altered composition of immune cells. Treg cells can contribute to the development of various age-related diseases but they are poorly characterized in aged individuals. The huge diversity of cells that display immune modulatory functions and the lack of universal markers to identify Treg make the expanding field of Treg research complex and challenging. There are still many open questions that need to be answered to solve the enigma of regulatory T cells.

scholarly journals Targeting regulatory T cells for immunotherapy in melanoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Huang ◽  
Yeye Guo ◽  
Shujing Liu ◽  
Huaishan Wang ◽  
Jinjin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Fine Tune

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in the maintenance of immunity, and they are also a key to immune suppressive microenvironment in solid tumors. Many studies have revealed the biology of Tregs in various human pathologies. Here we review recent understandings of the immunophenotypes and suppressive functions of Tregs in melanoma, including Treg recruitment and expansion in a tumor. Tregs are frequently accumulated in melanoma and the ratio of CD8+ T cells versus Tregs in the melanoma is predictive for patient survival. Hence, depletion of Tregs is a promising strategy for the enhancement of anti-melanoma immunity. Many recent studies are aimed to target Tregs in melanoma. Distinguishing Tregs from other immune cells and understanding the function of different subsets of Tregs may contribute to better therapeutic efficacy. Depletion of functional Tregs from the tumor microenvironment has been tested to induce clinically relevant immune responses against melanomas. However, the lack of Treg specific therapeutic antibodies or Treg specific depleting strategies is a big hurdle that is yet to be overcome. Additional studies to fine-tune currently available therapies and more agents that specifically and selectively target tumor infiltrating Tregs in melanoma are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Spatial Profiles of Intratumoral PD-1+ Helper T Cells Predict Prognosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanako Yoshimura ◽  
Takahiro Tsujikawa ◽  
Junichi Mitsuda ◽  
Hiroshi Ogi ◽  
Sumiyo Saburi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
High Density ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Tissue Segmentation ◽  
Immune Microenvironment

BackgroundFunctional interactions between immune cells and neoplastic cells in the tumor immune microenvironment have been actively pursued for both biomarker discovery for patient stratification, as well as therapeutic anti-cancer targets to improve clinical outcomes. Although accumulating evidence indicates that intratumoral infiltration of immune cells has prognostic significance, limited information is available on the spatial infiltration patterns of immune cells within intratumoral regions. This study aimed to understand the intratumoral heterogeneity and spatial distribution of immune cell infiltrates associated with cell phenotypes and prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MethodsA total of 88 specimens of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, categorized into discovery (n = 38) and validation cohorts (n = 51), were analyzed for immune contexture by multiplexed immunohistochemistry (IHC) and image cytometry-based quantification. Tissue segmentation was performed according to a mathematical morphological approach using neoplastic cell IHC images to dissect intratumoral regions into tumor cell nests versus intratumoral stroma.ResultsTissue segmentation revealed heterogeneity in intratumoral T cells, varying from tumor cell nest-polarized to intratumoral stroma-polarized distributions. Leukocyte composition analysis revealed higher ratios of TH1/TH2 in tumor cell nests with higher percentages of helper T cells, B cells, and CD66b+ granulocytes within intratumoral stroma. A discovery and validation approach revealed a high density of programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)+ helper T cells in tumor cell nests as a negative prognostic factor for short overall survival. CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) provided the strongest correlation with PD-1+ helper T cells, and cases with a high density of PD-1+ helper T cells and CD163+ TAM had a significantly shorter overall survival than other cases.ConclusionThis study reveals the significance of analyzing intratumoral cell nests and reports that an immune microenvironment with a high density of PD-1+ helper T cells in tumoral cell nests is a poor prognostic factor for HNSCC.

scholarly journals REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1973 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hoffmann ◽  
John W. Kappler
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Suppression ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
Antibody Specificity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

The specificity of antigen recognition by thymus-derived helper cells (T cells) and antibody was examined in mice, heterologous erythrocyte antigens from sheep (SRBC), goat (GRBC), burro (BRBC), chicken (CRBC), and toad (TRBC) being used. Antibody specificity was tested by a number of functional assays: hemagglutination, hemolysis, and immune suppression. The specificity of T cells was determined by titrating their ability to help the in vitro antitrinitrophenol (TNP) responses of mouse spleen cultures immunized with the hapten coupled to the various test erythrocytes as carrier. Anti-SRBC antibody cross-reacted with GRBC, but not with BRBC, CRBC, or TRBC. In contrast, SRBC-primed helper T cells cross-reacted with both GRBC and BRBC, but not with CRBC or TRBC, indicating a difference in the specificity of antigen recognition between the cellular and the humoral immune responses.

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