scholarly journals A NOTE ON NITROGEN RETENTION FOLLOWING REPEATED INJECTIONS OF NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS

1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard T. Karsner ◽  
W. Denis
Keyword(s):  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Chronic Nephritis ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Repeated Doses

It is possible by means of repeated injections of uranium nitrate to produce in the cat a subacute or chronic nephritis which can progress to a fatal termination and show in its course increasing accumulation of non-protein nitrogen in the blood. This nephritis differs only slightly from the spontaneous chronic nephritis of the species. Repeated doses of diphtheria toxin produce a subacute form of nephritis with only temporary or slight retention, but nevertheless anatomically a well defined nephritis. The spontaneous nephritis studied resembles more closely that produced by uranium nitrate than that produced by diphtheria toxin both histologically and from the standpoint of blood analysis.

scholarly journals THE TOTAL NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN OF THE BLOOD IN NEPHRITIS AND ALLIED CONDITIONS

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford B. Farr ◽  
J. Harold Austin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Renal Lesion ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Chronic Nephritis

1. In a series of non-nephritic individuals the total non-protein nitrogen of the blood, determined by Folin's method, was found to lie between 15 and 43 milligrams per 100 cubic centimeters. From 50 to 60 per cent. of this was in the ammonia-urea fraction. 2. In cardiovascular disease with renal congestion, but without other renal lesion, there was no evidence of increase of non-protein nitrogen in the blood, nor of alteration of the ammonia-urea percentage. 3. In chronic nephritis with marked albuminuria and edema there was very little, if any, increase or alteration. 4. In chronic nephritis with hypertension the non-protein nitrogen was definitely increased, ranging from 40 to 180 milligrams per 100 cubic centimeters of blood. The percentage of the ammonia-urea fraction was usually higher than in non-nephritic cases. 5. Cases showing high non-protein nitrogen values were subject to rapid fluctuations in these values in the course of a few days. As a rule, clinical improvement was associated with a fall of the non-protein nitrogen figures to nearer the normal range. 6. Uremia was almost always accompanied by an increase of non-protein nitrogen in the blood, but no constant relation could be established between the degree of increase and the tendency to uremia. 7. Our cases have not yet been followed for a long enough period to admit of conclusions as to the possible relation between the degree of non-protein nitrogen retention and ultimate prognosis. 8. We believe this method to be a valuable aid in the clinical study of nephritis and that it can be readily carried out in any well equipped clinical laboratory.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHRONIC NEPHRITIS INDUCED IN THE DOG BY URANIUM NITRATE. A FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF URINE BY THE ALTERED KIDNEYS

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
William deB. MacNider
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Pathological Study ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Chronic Nephritis ◽  
Uranium Nitrate

1. A chronic nephritis was produced in the dog which involves all of the histological elements of the kidney by the use of one subcutaneous injection of 4 mg. of uranium nitrate per kilo. In such animals the sequence of the histological changes in the kidneys in correlation with their functional expression has been studied in dogs from the commencement of the; injury until the chronic nehritis has existed for 5 years and 2 months. 2. As early as the 2nd day following the development of an acute nephritis, the animals became polyuric with an albuminous urine containing granular casts. There was a marked reduction in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein, or it failed to appear in the urine in a 2 hour period. The reserve alkali of the blood was reduced to as low as 7.8 and a retention occurred in urea nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen and creatinine. At such periods of renal functional depression there was slight evidence of structural glomerular injury but marked evidence of proximal convoluted tubule degeneration and necrosis.

scholarly journals HYPOPROTEINEMIA AS PROTECTION AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE INJURY IN DOGS

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Holman ◽  
G. L. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Specific Substance ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
Extensive Necrosis

Twelve control dogs receiving a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride, 3.0 mg. per kg., all died within 4 to 11 days afterwards with marked nitrogen retention and extensive necrosis and calcification of the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules. Three dogs of comparable age and weight were reduced to a standard hypoproteinemic state by repeated plasmapheresis. Each dog then received the same dose of mercuric chloride as the controls. None of these dogs became sick, none showed any elevation of non-protein nitrogen, and the kidneys— both in the gross and histologically—appeared normal when they were examined 8 to 45 days later. As tested thus far intensive plasmapheresis following the injection of mercuric chloride has been without effect in preventing the classical changes of mercuric chloride injury observed in the control dogs. The simplest explanation for these phenomena is that mercuric chloride acts on a more or less specific substance (presumably fabricated or concentrated in the renal cortex) which is depleted in the standard hypoproteinemic state. Other possibilities are mentioned. These findings are in sharp contrast to the results of similar experiments with uranium nitrate. The hypoproteinemic state appears to render the animals more susceptible to uranium injury (3). This probably indicates that the mode of action of the two heavy metals is different.

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

Digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma metabolite concentrations in steers offered whole crop wheat silage-based rations

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
A.P. Moloney ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The yield of dry matter (DM) in a mature wheat crop can equal that obtained from three cuts of grass. Ensiled mature whole crop wheat is however characterised by a lower digestibility and lower crude protein concentration than good quality grass silage. Addition of urea at ensiling has been shown to increase the digestibility and the non-protein nitrogen concentration of whole crop wheat silage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effect of urea-treatment on the in vivo digestibility of wheat of relatively high moisture concentration and (ii) the effects of the provision of a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate supplement on nitrogen metabolism in steers fed these silages.

scholarly journals NITROGEN RETENTION IN THE BLOOD IN EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE NEPHRITIS OF THE CAT

1912 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Folin ◽  
Howard T. Karsner ◽  
W. Denis
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Marked Accumulation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Period

It will be seen that uranium nephritis, which involves both tubules and glomeruli, the former more markedly than the latter, produces a marked accumulation of nitrogen in the blood. Chromate nephritis, which involves almost exclusively the tubules, produces only moderate retention of nitrogen. Cantharidin nephritis which involves both tubules and glomeruli, the latter more severely than does uranium, produces a marked accumulation of nitrogen, beginning early and persisting for a considerable period. The experiments were controlled by testing the blood of normal cats kept under the same conditions, these animals showing only slight variations from day to day. This general statement is in accordance with the physiological classification of these nephritides except that the retention in uranium occurs at an early stage, where, according to the physiological studies of Schlayer and his associates, and of Pearce, Hill, and Eisenbrey, the vascular changes have not as yet appeared. It must be noticed that in the three types of nephritis that form the subject of this investigation, anatomical study shows the glomerulus to be distinctly involved in the two forms where accumulation of nitrogen in the blood is most marked, a condition indicating that although almost pure tubular involvement produces only moderate accumulation, the additional involvement of the glomerulus is extremely important in leading to a retention of nitrogenous waste products. The accumulation of non-protein nitrogen in the blood and tissues is not large when compared with the total intake or elimination of nitrogen, and consequently it is practically impossible by means of ordinary nitrogen equilibrium experiments to demonstrate the fact of the retention, to say nothing of determining the degree of accumulation of waste products accompanying nephritis. That both can be demonstrated by the method employed in this research is clearly shown by the figures recorded ablove.

The effect of source of nitrogen used for supplementation of high wheat silage diets for cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brosh ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Beef Breed

ABSTRACTFive diets of identical metabolizable energy (ME) content were formulated, in which wheat silage, made from a variety bred for a high proportion of ears to roughage, was incorporated at the rate of 480 g/kg dry matter (DM). Their calculated ME density was 11-4 MJ/kg DM, the protein concentration of four of the five diets was 150 g/kg DM, and that of the fifth was 87 g/kg DM. The effectiveness of protein supplementation of such diets by non-protein nitrogen (NPN), fish meal (FM) or soya-bean and cottonseed oil meals (SBM and CSM) was studied in a digestibility and nitrogen balance trial, and in a feeding trial using Friesian and beef breed young bulls. One diet served as a negative control (NC). The apparent digestibility of organic matter (kg/kg DM) was 0·709, 0·708, 0·704, 0·680 and 0·667 (s.e. 0·0125) and nitrogen retention (g/kg M0·75 per day) was 0·20, 0·65, 0·65, 0·64 and 0·68 (s.e. 0·059; P < 0·01) for the NC, NPN, FM, CSM and SBM supplemented diets, respectively. The feeding trial was divided into two periods; the first 100 days, and from day 101 to slaughter. The NC groups of both breeds gained significantly less in both periods of the experiment than did the supplemented groups. There were no significant differences among the supplemented groups.

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