scholarly journals ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Warren ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Fatal Intoxication ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
Slight Rise ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Proper Consideration ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Roentgen radiation of the thorax (abdomen shielded) in dogs, even with large doses (up to 512 milliampere minutes), gives no clinical evidence of intoxication. There may be a transient leucopenia and a slight rise in urinary nitrogen. Roentgen radiation of the abdomen (thorax shielded) in dogs, with a dose of 350 milliampere minutes, will almost certainly cause a fatal intoxication. Smaller doses may be survived but usually with signs of gastrointestinal intoxication. This lethal intoxication due to abdominal radiation presents a remarkably uniform clinical and anatomical picture. There is a latent period of 24 to 36 hours, during which the dog is perfectly normal clinically. The 2nd day usually shows the beginning of diarrhea and perhaps some vomitus. The 3rd and 4th days show progressive intoxication with increasing vomiting and bloody diarrhea until the dog becomes stuporous. Death is almost always on the 4th day. Anatomically the only lesions of significance are to be found in the small intestine. The epithelium of the crypts and villi shows more or less complete necrosis, and this condition may involve almost all of the small intestine. The epithelium may vanish completely except for a few cells here and there which have escaped and are often found in mitosis, probably an effort at repair and regeneration. We are forced to the conclusion that this remarkable injury of the epithelium of the small intestine is responsible for the various abnormal reactions and final lethal intoxication which follow a unit dose of Roentgen radiation over the abdomen of a normal dog. This sensitiveness of the intestinal epithelium to x-rays is not appreciated and should be given proper consideration in clinical work.

scholarly journals ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Warren ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Fatal Intoxication ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Functional Disturbance ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Notable Increase

Exposure to large doses of x-rays will cause notable increase in the speed of autolysis of the crypt or secretory epithelium of the dog's small intestine. These changes can be demonstrated readily in material obtained from dogs killed 2, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours after the initial radiation (Text-figs. 1 and 2). In the radiated dogs the secretory crypt epithelium of the small intestine autolyzes first and the epithelium of the villi last, while the reverse is true in the normal control small intestine. These abnormalities of autolysis associated with lethal Roentgen ray exposures can be demonstrated for the small intestine over the whole 4 day period subsequent to radiation. The colon shows little change and the stomach no demonstrable changes in autolysis under like conditions. The kidney likewise is negative. The spleen, lymph glands, liver, and pancreas show a moderate increase in speed of autolysis in tissues taken from radiated animals within 48 hours of the initial exposure. What the significance of this disturbance of cell ferments in the intestinal mucosa may be, we cannot pretend to say. At least these observations strengthen one's confidence in the profound functional disturbance of this important intestinal epithelium—a disturbance which we believe is responsible for the clinical abnormalities and fatal intoxication.

scholarly journals Absorption of lactulose from mammalian gastrointestinal tract

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Evered ◽  
F. Sadoogh-Abasian
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Poor Absorption

1. The disaccharide lactulose (galactosyl-β-1,4-fructose) was poorly absorbed from rat small intestine in vitro and human mouth in vivo.2. These results confirm indirect clinical evidence of poor absorption from the intestine.3. The presence of calcium ions, or absence of sodium ions, had no effect on lactulose absorption from the buccal cavity.4. The presence of ouabain, or absence of Na+, did not decrease the absorption of lactulose from small intestine.5. It is thought that the mode of transport, in both instances, is by passive diffusion with the concentration gradient.

CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136-1138
Author(s):  
Paul A. di Sant'Agnese ◽  
Charles Upton Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Clinical Effect ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Pancreatic Insufficiency ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Very High

IN THE COURSE of a review of all features of the disease, the following points were particularly noteworthy: Incidence This disease accounts for almost all cases of pancreatic insufficiency in children. The incidence in the population of the United States is between 1 in 600 and 1 in 10,000 live births, with a probable average incidence of 1 in 2,500. There is no sex predominance. There is, however, a difference in racial predilection, being rarely seen in the Negro and never in Mongolians. It is a familial disease, displaying the characteristics of a mendelian recessive gene. This means that in an affected family the disease may occur in approximately 25% of the offspring, that both parents must be carriers of the trait and that two-thirds of the non-affected children are also carriers. Birth order has no effect on the inheritance of this disease. The fact that it is usually a lethal disease indicates that the mutation rate for this gene must be very high; the frequency of the single gene in the population has been calculated to be approximately 1 in 50. Pancreatic Insufficiency Clinical evidence of poor digestion and absorption of protein and fat is seen in the increased quantities of these substances in the feces, which causes the feces to be bulky, foul smelling, foamy and greasy. Another clinical effect of malabsorption is seen in the failure of the newborn infant with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas to regain birth weight in the first 10 days of life. In the absence of other evidence of disease, this is a sign suggestive of pancreatic failure.

scholarly journals Relevance of Removal of Limbic Structures in Surgery for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (S4) ◽  
pp. 628-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Olivier
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Limbic Structures

ABSTRACT:We have briefly reviewed the experimental and clinical evidence for the importance of the amygdala and hippocampal formation in temporal lobe epilepsy. More specifically, we have analyzed our own experience in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy investigated with intracerebral stereotaxic electrodes and operated by various modalities of resection. Our results, in agreement with previous experimental and clinical work, provide further evidence for an overwhelming predominance of limbic participation in temporal lobe epilepsy. As a result, more and more selective procedures are being carried out involving the mesial structures. However, this shift has been slow and progressive because of the proven value of cortico-amygdalo-hippocampectomy which provides excellent results on seizure tendency with low morbidity.

scholarly journals Total body irradiation induced mouse small intestine senescence as a late effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Junling Zhang ◽  
Xiaodan Han ◽  
Saijun Fan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Total Body Irradiation ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Radiation can induce senescence in many organs and tissues; however, it is still unclear how radiation stimulates senescence in mouse small intestine. In this study, we use the bone marrow transplantation mouse model to explore the late effects of total body irradiation on small intestine. Our results showed that almost all of the body hairs of the irradiated mice were white (which is an indication of aging) 10 months after the exposure to radiation. Furthermore, compared with the age-matched control mice, there were more SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)–positive cells and an upregulation of p16 and p21 in 8 Gy–irradiated mice intestinal crypts, indicating that radiation induced senescence in the small intestine. Intestinal bacterial flora profile analysis showed that the diversity of the intestinal bacterial flora decreased in irradiated mice; in addition it showed that the principal components of the irradiated and control mice differed: there was increased abundance of Bacteroidia and a decreased abundance of Clostridia in irradiated mice. To explore the underlying mechanism, an RNA-sequence was executed; the results suggested that pancreatic secretion, and the digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins were damaged in irradiated mice, which may be responsible for the body weight loss observed in irradiated mice. In summary, our study suggested that total body irradiation may induce senescence in the small intestine and damage the health status of the irradiated mice.

Video Capsule Endoscopy and Deep Enteroscopy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Marya ◽  
Veronica Baptista ◽  
Anupam Singh ◽  
Joseph Charpentier ◽  
David Cave
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Carcinoid Tumor ◽  
Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
Crohn Disease ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Video Capsule Endoscopy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Small Bowel Tumors ◽  
Peutz Jeghers Syndrome

Until 2001, the nonsurgical evaluation of the small intestine was largely limited to the use of radiologic imaging (e.g., small bowel follow-through or enteroclysis). With the now widespread availability of video capsule endoscopy and deep enteroscopy since 2001, we are now able to visualize the length and most of the mucosa of the small intestine and manage small bowel lesions that were previously inaccessible except by surgical intervention. This review serves as an overview for these two procedures, detailing the indications and contraindications, proper timing of the procedure, technical aspects of the devices themselves, possible complications, and outcomes. Figures show endoscopic images that demonstrate multiple angioectasias, bleeding during capsule endoscopy, active Crohn disease of the small bowel, severe mucosal scalloping, small bowel carcinoid tumor, small bowel polyp associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug enteropathy; serial x-rays of a patient with a patency capsule retained inside the small intestine; a computer image showing the distribution of small bowel tumors; and a pie chart displaying the breakdown of the distribution of benign and malignant tumors that can be found in the small intestine. Videos show multiple angioectasias, bleeding during capsule endoscopy, active Crohn disease of the small bowel, small bowel carcinoid tumor, and small bowel polyp associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. This review contains 10 highly rendered figures, 5 videos, and 50 references.

scholarly journals Massive star mass-loss revealed by X-ray observations of young supernovae

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (S346) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Vikram V. Dwarkadas
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Ambient Medium ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Loss Rates

AbstractMassive stars lose a considerable amount of mass during their lifetime. When the star explodes as a supernova (SN), the resulting shock wave expands in the medium created by the stellar mass-loss. Thermal X-ray emission from the SN depends on the square of the density of the ambient medium, which in turn depends on the mass-loss rate (and velocity) of the progenitor wind. The emission can therefore be used to probe the stellar mass-loss in the decades or centuries before the star’s death.We have aggregated together data available in the literature, or analysed by us, to compute the X-ray lightcurves of almost all young supernovae detectable in X-rays. We use this database to explore the mass-loss rates of massive stars that collapse to form supernovae. Mass-loss rates are lowest for the common Type IIP supernovae, but increase by several orders of magnitude for the highest luminosity X-ray SNe.

scholarly journals The madness of Princess Alice: Sigmund Freud, Ernst Simmel and Alice of Battenberg at Kurhaus Schloß Tegel

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Dany Nobus
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Treatment Principles ◽  
Psychoanalytic Treatment ◽  
Clinical Applicability ◽  
Proper Consideration

During the winter of 1930, Princess Alice of Battenberg was admitted to Kurhaus Schloß Tegel, where she was diagnosed with schizophrenic paranoia. When Freud was consulted about her case by Ernst Simmel, the Sanatorium’s Director, he recommended that the patient’s ovaries be exposed to high-intensity X-rays. Freud’s suggestion was not based on any psychoanalytic treatment principles, but rooted in a rejuvenation technique to which Freud himself had subscribed. In recommending that psychotic patients should be treated with physical interventions, Freud confirmed his conviction that the clinical applicability of psychoanalysis should not be extrapolated beyond the neuroses, yet he also asserted that a proper consideration of endocrinological factors in the aetiology and treatment of the psychoses should never be excluded.

scholarly journals Early environmental factors and somatic comorbidity in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenic psychoses: A 50-year follow-up of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Korpela ◽  
Jouko Miettunen ◽  
Nina Rautio ◽  
Matti Isohanni ◽  
Marjo-Riitta Järvelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Somatic Illness ◽  
Somatic Comorbidity ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Abstract Background. We studied the cumulative incidence of physical illnesses, and the effect of early environmental factors (EEFs) on somatic comorbidity in schizophrenia, in nonschizophrenic psychosis and among nonpsychotic controls from birth up to the age of 50 years. Methods. The sample included 10,933 members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, of whom, 227 had schizophrenia and 205 had nonschizophrenic psychosis. Diagnoses concerning physical illnesses were based on nationwide registers followed up to the end of 2016 and classified into 13 illness categories. Maternal education and age, family type at birth and paternal socioeconomic status were studied as EEFs of somatic illnesses. Results. When adjusted by gender and education, individuals and especially women with nonschizophrenic psychosis had higher risk of morbidity in almost all somatic illness categories compared to controls, and in some categories, compared to individuals with schizophrenia. The statistically significant adjusted hazard ratios varied from 1.27 to 2.42 in nonschizophrenic psychosis. Regarding EEFs, single-parent family as the family type at birth was a risk factor for a higher somatic score among men with schizophrenia and women with nonschizophrenic psychosis. Maternal age over 35 years was associated with lower somatic score among women with nonschizophrenic psychosis. Conclusions. Persons with nonschizophrenic psychoses have higher incidence of somatic diseases compared to people with schizophrenia and nonpsychotic controls, and this should be noted in clinical work. EEFs have mostly weak association with somatic comorbidity in our study.

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Applied to Metal Accumulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 71-73 ◽  
pp. 613-616
Author(s):  
Regina Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
G.C. Silva ◽  
M. Sylvia S. Dantas ◽  
I.F. Vasconcelos ◽  
Virgínia S.T. Ciminelli
Keyword(s):  
Physical State ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Absorption Probability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Absorption Phenomenon ◽  
Almost All ◽  
X Ray Absorption

X-Rays Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (XAFS) is an analytical technique that can be used as a probe to characterize almost all elements, even if they appear in diluted or non-crystalline systems. This is due to the fact that the absorption probability of X-rays has a unique feature for each element, and is modulated by the chemical and physical state of that element, as well as by its neighborhood. This paper presents a brief description of the X-rays absorption phenomenon and the analytical technique involving this phenomenon, as well as the application of XAFS in biosorption studies. For more details on XAFS theory, refer to [1].

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document