scholarly journals THE TRANSMISSION AND TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS OPHTHALMIA OF CATTLE

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones ◽  
Ralph B. Little
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Passage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Fine Spray ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Nasal Passages ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Gain Access

The experiments in which transmission of the disease was attempted by flies hardly parallel the observations within the herd. It is not unusual to observe large numbers of flies feeding on the exudate. Slight disturbances may interrupt feeding and cause the flies to disperse and within a short period alight about the eyes of other cows. The experiments, however, bring out the fact that the bacterium will not remain viable for even a few minutes in the digestive tract of the fly. Its life on the external surfaces of the fly is extremely short and in our observations has not exceeded 3 hours. The latter fact strengthens the opinion that in the main the infection is not dust-borne since the bacterium soon dies when not in contact with the eye. Two other points are of considerable significance. The ability of the organism to maintain itself on the eye for considerable periods after the acute symptoms have subsided may explain the reappearance of cases during the warmer months. The organism can exist in the eye throughout the winter and with the warm weather flies may transmit it to other susceptible individuals and thus a nucleus of an epidemic may be established. The presence of the organism in the nasal passages in the incubation stage and early in the disease in two of our experimental animals affords an explanation for the appearance of the disease in sporadic cases in the colder months. It is assumed that nasal exudate as a fine spray may be forcibly expelled and directly reach the eyeball of a normal individual. It has been shown that small quantities of culture sprayed on the cornea are capable of giving rise to the characteristic disease. The irregularity of the elimination of the organism through the nostril may be explained by the effect of inflammation on the tear duct. In experimental cases a small quantity of bouillon containing the culture was dropped or sprayed on the cornea. Doubtless the bacilli are deposited on the mucosa of the tear duct. Here they may multiply and set up an inflammation and thus gain access to the nasal passage. To what degree the virus is spread by the forcible expulsion of nasal secretion containing lacrimal fluid cannot be determined. The elimination of the bacilli from the nasal passage in our experimental inoculations leads us to believe that in the main the phenomenon is associated with early infections. The examination of the nasal passages of a large number of well established cases with negative findings tends to corroborate this view. Of interest to those concerned with the treatment of animal diseases is the readiness with which the inflammation subsides when treated with 1:40 zinc sulfate.

Arthur Conan Doyle and Medical London: Reading the Topography of Round the Red Lamp

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-313
Author(s):  
Roger Luckhurst
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Arthur Conan Doyle ◽  
Set Up

This essay explores the short period of time that Arthur Conan Doyle spent between March and June 1891 when he moved his family into rooms in Bloomsbury and took a consulting room near Harley Street in an attempt to set up as an eye specialist. This last attempt to move up the professional hierarchy from general practitioner to specialist tends to be seen as a final impulsive move before Conan Doyle decided to become a full-time writer in June 1891. The essay aims to elaborate a little on the medical contexts for Conan Doyle’s brief spell in London, and particularly to track the medical topography in which he placed himself, situated between the radical, reformist Bloomsbury medical institutions and the fame and riches of the society doctors of Harley Street. These ambivalences are tracked in the medical fiction he published in Round the Red Lamp, his peculiar collection of medical tales and doctoring in 1894.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Circulating DENV-2 During Outbreak in Northern Senegal, Rosso 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idrissa Dieng ◽  
Mignane Ndiaye ◽  
Marie Henriette Ndione ◽  
Safietou Sankhe ◽  
Moussa Moïse Diagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Infection ◽  
West African ◽  
Full Genome Sequencing ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
The North ◽  
Virus Incidence ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Level

Globally 390 millions of people are at risk of dengue infection; over the past 50 years the virus incidence increased thirty-fold. In Senegal, an unprecedented occurrence of outbreaks and sporadic cases was noticed since 2017. In October 2018 an outbreak of DENV-2 was reported in Rosso area in the north of Senegal at the border with Mauritania. Out of the 187 blood specimen samples collected, 27 were positives by qRT-PCR and 8 were serologically positive for DENV IgM. Serotyping using qRT-PCR reveals that isolates were positive for DENV-2. A subset of DENV-2 positives samples was selected and subjected to full genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of 06 nearly completed genome sequences (n= 6) revealed that isolates belong to the cosmopolitan genotype and are closely related to the Mauritanian strains detected between 2017 and 2018 and those detected in many West African countries such as Burkina Faso or Cote d’Ivoire. Our results suggest a transboundary circulation of the DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype between Senegal and Mauritania and call for a need of coordinated surveillance of arboviruses between these two countries. Interestingly, high level of homology between West African isolates highlights endemicity and call for a set-up of sub-regional viral genomic surveillance which will lead to a better understanding of viral dynamic, transmission and spread across Africa.

scholarly journals Effects of Malaise trap spacing on species richness and composition of terrestrial arthropod bulk samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Steinke ◽  
TWA Braukmann ◽  
L Manerus ◽  
A Woodhouse ◽  
V Elbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Malaise Trap ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
A Site ◽  
Malaise Traps

AbstractThe Malaise trap has gained popularity for assessing diverse terrestrial arthropod communities because it collects large samples with modest effort. A number of factors that influence collection efficiency, placement being one of them. For instance, when designing larger biotic surveys using arrays of Malaise traps we need to know the optimal distance between individual traps that maximises observable species richness and community composition. We examined the influence of spacing between Malaise traps by metabarcoding samples from two field experiments at a site in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. For one experiment, we used two trap pairs deployed at weekly increasing distance (3m increments from 3 to 27 m). The second experiment involved a total of 10 traps set up in a row at 3m distance intervals for three consecutive weeks.Results show that community similarity of samples decreases over distance between traps. The amount of species shared between trap pairs shows drops considerably at about 15m trap-to-trap distance. This change can be observed across all major taxonomic groups and for two different habitat types (grassland and forest). Large numbers of OTUs found only once within samples cause rather large dissimilarity between distance pairs even at close proximity. This could be caused by a large number of transient species from adjacent habitat which arrive at the trap through passive transport, as well as capture of rare taxa, which end up in different traps by chance.

Slow Wave Sleep During a Brief Nap is Related to Reduced Cognitive Deficits During Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle E Stepan ◽  
Erik M Altmann ◽  
Kimberly M Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Sleeping for a short period (i.e., napping) may help mitigate impairments in cognitive processing caused by sleep deprivation, but there is limited research on effects of brief naps in particular. Here, we tested the effect of a brief nap opportunity (30- or 60-min) during a period of sleep deprivation on two cognitive processes with broad scope, placekeeping and vigilant attention. In the evening, participants (N = 280) completed a placekeeping task (UNRAVEL) and a vigilant attention task (Psychomotor Vigilance Task [PVT]) and were randomly assigned to either stay awake overnight or sleep at home. Sleep-deprived participants were randomly assigned to receive either no nap opportunity, a 30-min opportunity, or a 60-min opportunity. Participants who napped were set up with polysomnography. The next morning, sleep participants returned, and all participants completed UNRAVEL and the PVT. Sleep deprivation impaired performance on both tasks, but nap opportunity did not reduce the impairment, suggesting that naps longer than those tested may be necessary to cause group differences. However, in participants who napped, more time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) was associated with reduced performance deficits on both tasks, effects we interpret in terms of the role of SWS in alleviating sleep pressure and facilitating memory consolidation.

Questions Raised in Excavating the Recent Dead

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sian Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Working Life ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Historic Cemetery ◽  
Large Sections

The decision to excavate a modern cemetery in the heart of Copenhagen prompted questions which revealed how the sensitive borderlines surrounding the recent dead are dealt with by archaeologists. When the plans for a new metro line were revealed in Copenhagen, the location of one station within a historic cemetery was controversial. Assistens cemetery is an early example of a landscape, or garden, cemetery (Rugg 1998; Tarlow 2000), designed and ordered according to fashionable contemporary garden principles and aesthetics. It has remained a much-loved place where famous personalities are buried as well as many ordinary citizens of Copenhagen. Although burial within the cemetery has become increasingly rare, it is still in occasional use for new interments and for gardens of remembrance for the burial and disposal of ashes. However, in the 1980s changing municipal plans for the cemetery re-designated large sections of it as a park, as described in Helweg and Linnée Nielsen (2010). This change of status enabled the Copenhagen metro company (Metroselskabet) to consider the placement of a station in one corner of the cemetery. Excavation of this site from 2009 to 2011 resulted in the archaeological recording of the material culture of the cemetery including around one thousand burials, their grave-pits, funerary material culture, and some aspects of the working life of the cemetery (Anthony et al. 2016). Assistens cemetery was originally created in 1760 and later expanded in 1805/6. The excavation focused on the north-west corner of the 1805/6 extension, an area surrounding a cemetery administration building (graverbolig). The area was filled by the mid-nineteenth century and continued to be used intensively for the next hundred years. In the latter part of the twentieth century, coffin burial became less frequent but continued until the 1980s. The occasional placement of cremation urns began in the early twentieth century and continued in large numbers into the 1990s (Helweg and Linnée Nielsen 2010). Burial is now uncommon in the entire cemetery and only takes place in special circumstances. In contrast to UK cemetery regulations, Danish law allows for graves to be removed after only twenty years, so there is the possibility of reusing grave plots after this short period by removing the previous coffins.

scholarly journals THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION

1924 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie T. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Rockefeller Institute ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Nasal Passages

The onset of spontaneous snuffles in rabbits at The Rockefeller Institute is preceded by the appearance in the nasal passages of Bacterium lepisepticum. The active stages of snuffles infection are associated with the presence in these passages of large numbers of this bacterium. Spontaneous recovery from snuffles is associated with a diminution in number or a disappearance of these bacteria from the nasal passages. Various experimental procedures reduce the resistance of rabbits to spontaneous snuffles.

Rapid Photon-Excited Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Solid and Liquid Mineralogical Samples

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ratyński ◽  
J. Parus ◽  
J. Tys ◽  
A. Ciszek
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Semiconductor Detectors ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Important Benefit ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
On Line ◽  
Set Up

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is new becoming a tool in research and. industry. Semiconductor detectors are proving valuable in measuring fluorescent X rays, and so are providing a versatile tool for rapid multielement analysis of many types of samples. This paper will mainly be concerned with, different types of copper ore. An experimental setup has been designed to determine Cu, Fe and Pb of concentration ranging from 0.1 to 20, to 5, and to 4 percent, respectively, with analytical precision of 20% relative at 0.1% Cu, and 3% relative at 20% Cu. For excitation a 100 mCi Pu-238 source and/or a low power air-cooled X-ray tube were used. Data acquisition and “on-line” evaluation for each sample takes about 100 seconds. Electronics blocks and sub-systems used In the set-up are available commercially. The most important benefit to be obtained from the setup is the ability to provide precise, reproducible determinations of large numbers of samples day after day.

X-Ray Energy Analysis of Particulate Matter on Filter Paper

1972 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Warren G. Wood ◽  
James M. Mathiesen ◽  
John S. Mgebroff
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Complex Sample ◽  
Filter Type ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThe rapid, quantitative and qualitative analysis of particulates on air filter samples is becoming increasingly important as more air pollution sampling stations are set up throughout the countiy. Although atomic absorption provides a sensitive technique for the analysis of many elements, the disadvantages of complex sample preparation, sample destruction and the necessity to analyze one element at a time make this technique unsuitable for a large volume of samples. X-ray energy spectroscopy when combined with automated sample handling and the latest dedicated data reduction systems provides a technique which enables the analyst to process large numbers of samples and obtain precise quantitative and qualitative data rapidly. This paper will describe the preparation and analysis of typical air filter type samples, and the steps taken to identify the elements in the samples and obtain computerized reduction of the data in μg/cm2, ppm or percent.

Dilatancy-based impression and fabrication technique for custom foot orthoses

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa A Sletto ◽  
Yeongchi Wu ◽  
Christopher Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clinic Visit ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Fabrication Technique ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Plaster Bandage ◽  
Foot Orthosis

Background and aim: Current methods used to take impressions for custom foot orthoses include plaster bandage, foam box, fiberglass, and laser-optical scanner. Impressions are converted to positive plaster or foam models. These methods create waste and may not be feasible in resource-limited areas. This technical note presents an alternative, greener impression and fabrication technique for foot orthoses that utilizes the dilatancy principle. Technique: Steps of the dilatancy (vacuum-based) procedure include taking an impression of the foot, converting the negative mold to a positive sand model, modifying the positive sand model, and thermoforming the foot orthosis. Discussion: This plaster-less system is inexpensive to set up and maintain, is reusable thereby minimizing cost and waste, and is clean to use. It enables a practitioner to quickly take an impression for fabricating a foot orthosis in a short period of time during a single clinic visit by the patient. Clinical relevance The dilatancy casting system could potentially be a cheaper, faster, and greener alternative procedure for fabricating custom foot orthoses in both developing and developed countries.

“Kansas Has an Ample Supply of Darkies”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent M. S. Campney
Keyword(s):  
Public Assistance ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ample Supply

This chapter surveys white response to the Kansas Exodus. In 1879 a group that came to be called the Exodusters began their much-publicized mass migration from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Although some relocated to Indiana as well, many acquired “Kansas fever.” They were on their way by February and arrived in “avalanchelike proportions” between March and May. Although the rate of arrivals later slowed, they continued their trek to Kansas until mid-1881. Moreover, unlike the more prosperous blacks who had settled the colonies during the late 1870s, the Exodusters were largely destitute. Because they arrived over such a short period, involved such large numbers, and required so much public assistance, they provoked widespread attention and instilled in white Kansans the fear that they would “certainly be swamped.”

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