Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Nasal Colonization WithStaphylococcus aureusAmong Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Outpatients in Singapore

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Villacian ◽  
T. Barkham ◽  
A. Earnest ◽  
N. I. Paton

AbstractWe studied the prevalence of and risk factors forStaphylococcus aureusnasal colonization in HIV-positive outpatients in Singapore. Overall prevalence was 23% (45 of 195), with 3% (6 of 195) being MRSA. Recent antibiotic use and hospitalization were independent predictors of MRSA colonization. Isolates were genotypically identical to our hospital's inpatient circulating strain.

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adesola Olufunmilayo Olalekan ◽  
Samuel Sunday Taiwo ◽  
Stella Ifeanyi Smith ◽  
Adebayo Osagie Shittu ◽  
Deboye Oriade Kolawole ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean B. Sullivan ◽  
Suneel Kamath ◽  
Thomas H. McConville ◽  
Brett T. Gray ◽  
Franklin D. Lowy ◽  
...  

Abstract Background People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) have been disproportionally affected by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and infection, in particular by clones USA300 and USA500. However, the contribution of epidemiological, bacterial, and immunological risk factors to the excess of S aureus in PLWH remain incompletely understood. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S aureus colonization in 93 PLWH attending an urban human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic. Participants completed a structured interview assessing demographic information and risk factors for MRSA. Swabs were obtained from the nose, throat, and groin and cultured for S aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Results Most participants had well controlled HIV infection (89, 96% CD4 >200). Thirty-six (39%) individuals were colonized with S aureus at 1 or more body sites, including 6 (6%) with MRSA. Regular gym use was a risk factor for S aureus but not MRSA carriage. In contrast, S epidermidis was present in almost all individuals (n = 84, 90%), predominantly in the nares (n = 66, 71%). Using generalized estimating equation models, we observed that the odds of S aureus colonization were significantly and drastically reduced when S epidermidis was detected (P = .0001). After controlling for site, gender, and age, we identified that the odds of S aureus colonization were 80% less if S epidermidis was present (adjusted odds ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, .09–.45; P < .0001). Conclusions Taken together, we observed a lower prevalence of S aureus and MRSA colonization than has been previously reported in PLWH. In this cohort, colonization with S epidermidis was protective against S aureus colonization.


1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
William R. Robinson ◽  
Michael Fleischer

Objective: In order to determine the practice habits of obstetricians concerning frequency of prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and management strategies for HIV-seropositive obstetric patients, we conducted a telephone survey of practicing obstetricians over a 3-month period.Methods: In the New Orleans metropolitan area, 71/104 (68%) obstetricians participated and completed the survey.Results: Of these obstetricians, 43/71 (60.6%) test all new obstetric patients for HIV; 64/71 (84.5%) routinely ask the patients about risk factors for infection; and 28/71 (39.4%) have actually cared for an HIV-positive patient in their practice. Those obstetricians who routinely tested for HIV were more likely to have personally managed an infected patient and more likely to ask about risk factors. The number of obstetricians who would manage infected patients without consultative assistance was 8/71 (11%).Conclusions: We concluded that obstetricians in this community have largely accepted routinely offered prenatal testing and risk assessment, but they have assumed a relatively small role in risk reduction counseling and treatment.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kalimullah Jan ◽  
Rebecca Hoe Hui Min ◽  
Tan Seow Yen ◽  
Shekhawat Ravindra Singh

Ischemic stroke occurring in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) needs to be approached with a vast differential diagnosis in mind. We report a case of middle-aged male patient with immune reconstituted HIV on therapy without known cardiovascular risk factors who had a right middle cerebral artery territory infarct. After a thorough evaluation, he received a final diagnosis of neurosyphilis-associated vasculitis leading to stroke. He recovered without any neurological deficits following treatment with intravenous benzylpenicillin. Neurosyphilis is an easily diagnosed and treatable cause of a stroke that can be an initial presentation of neurosyphilis but requires a high index of suspicion.


2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-604
Author(s):  
Daniel Schweitzer ◽  
Ianiv Klaber ◽  
Patricia García ◽  
Felipe López ◽  
María Jesús Lira ◽  
...  

Introduction. Nasal and skin colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are linked to a higher incidence of infection after total joint replacement. The prevalence of colonization is poorly defined in Latin American countries. Aim. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA colonization in the nostrils and groin using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methodology. In this cross-sectional study, 146 patients undergoing THA between December 2015 and March 2017 in a tertiary-care university-affiliated hospital in Chile were screened for MRSA colonization before the procedure using RT-PCR independently in the nostrils and groin. Risk factors for colonization were documented. Results. Seven of the 146 (5 %) patients undergoing THA were carriers of MRSA in the nostrils and/or the groin. Recent antibiotic use was identified as a risk factor for colonization, OR=4.86 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.56–13.96]. Patients reporting at least one of the seven surveyed risk factors had an OR of 2.39 (95 % CI: 0.37–25.77) for colonization. MRSA colonization frequency was twofold higher in the groin as opposed to the nostrils (P=0.014). Conclusion. Five percent of the patients undergoing THA were identified as carriers of MRSA. Recent antibiotic use is a relevant risk factor for MRSA colonization in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1435
Author(s):  
Loay Al Wahaibi ◽  
Rajaa Al Sudairi ◽  
Abdullah Balkhair ◽  
Huda Al-Awaisi ◽  
Mohamed Mabruk

Introduction: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain characterized by resistance to cloxacillin. Healthcare workers (HCWs), are recognized for their heightened risk for MRSA acquisition and possibly for MRSA nosocomial transmission. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors of MRSA colonization among healthcare workers at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) in Oman. Methodology: A total of 200 nasal swab samples were collected from the healthcare workers at SQUH during the period October 2nd 2018 to January 7th 2019. All nasal swab samples were examined microbiologically for the presence of MRSA using the standard method and the results were confirmed by detection of the mecA product (PBP2a). Data on associated risk factors for MRSA colonization was collected and analyzed. Results: Forty-one of the 200 screened healthcare workers (20.5%) were found to have nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus of which 63.4% were Methicillin Sensitive and 36.6% were Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from fifteen of the 200 screened healthcare workers giving a prevalence rate of nasal colonization with MRSA of 7.5%. We found no statistical association between healthcare worker MRSA nasal colonization and age, gender, HCWs specialty, hand hygiene practices, skin condition, previous MRSA infection, and previous exposure to antibiotics. Conclusions: Identification of the prevalence and the associated risk factors of MRSA colonization in healthcare workers mandates continuous surveillance and the implementation of all possible preventive measures to reduce re-occurrences.


2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Raden Isma Nurul Aini ◽  
Sinta Sari Ratunanda ◽  
W. Wijana ◽  
Agung Dinasti Permana ◽  
Sally Mahdiani

Latar belakang: Aktinomikosis merupakan infeksi bakteri kronis yang jarang ditemukan (1:300.000orang per tahun). Berbagai faktor risiko dapat mengakibatkan infeksi tersebut, sehingga pengobatan perludilakukan berdasarkan etiologi dan faktor risiko.Tujuan: Melaporkan dan menganalisis kasus yangjarang, yaitu aktinomikosis di hipofaring dan laring pada penderita dengan HIV-positive, yang menutupidua-pertiga inlet laring dan sfingter esofagus atas.Kasus: Laki-laki berusia 21 tahun datang dengankeluhan sulit menelan dan rasa mengganjal di tenggorok sejak 2 bulan. Pada pemeriksaan rinolaringoskopididapatkan massa berbenjol pada tonsil lingualis dan supraglotis. Hasil biopsi menunjukkan peradangankronis karena Actinomyces sp. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui Pubmed, Proquest, ClinicalKey, dan Google Scholar, dengan tidak membatasi tahun pencarian jurnal. Berdasarkan kriteria inklusi daneksklusi, didapatkan tiga artikel yang telah dilakukan critical appraisal. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan publikasimengenai kasus aktinomikosis servikofasial pada pasien dengan human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)positif. Tiga artikel yang ditemukan menunjukkan bahwa aktinomikosis dapat timbul pada pasien yangimunokompromais dalam jangka waktu lama. Pada tiga artikel yang dianalisis, manajemen aktinomikosisdapat dilakukan dan memberikan hasil yang baik karena telah diketahui faktor risiko sebelumnya. Namunpada kasus ini, infeksi HIV (+) sebagai faktor risiko baru ditemukan setelah manajemen aktinomikosis,dengan tindakan pembedahan dan medikamentosa sehingga memengaruhi outcome dari manajemen pasientersebut.Kesimpulan: Analisis faktor risiko pada aktinomikosis, seperti keadaan defisiensi imun akibatinfeksi HIV, perlu diinvestigasi secara mendalam sehingga dapat memperbaiki outcome manajemen pasien.Kata kunci: Aktinomikosis, disfagia, faktor risiko, defisiensi imun, human immunodeficiency virus ABSTRACTSBackground: Actinomycosis is a rare chronic bacterial infection that could be found in humans(incidence rate is 1 per 300,000 per year). There are various risk factors which can promote infection,and the treatment should be based on etiology and risk factors. Purpose: To present and analyse a caseof HIV-positive 21-year-old man with cervicofacial actinomycosis in hypopharynx and larynx, closingtwo-third of laryngeal inlet and upper esophageal sphincter. Case: A 21-years old man came with chiefcomplain of swallowing difficulty and blocking sensation in the throat. Rhinolaryngoscopy revealedcauliflower-like masses on lingual tonsil and supraglottic. Biopsy result showed chronic inflammation dueto Actinomyces sp. Method: Search of literatures was conducted on Pubmed, Proquest, Clinical Key, andGoogle Scholar without limiting years of journals. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, threearticles were obtained as full texts and considered useful for the authors to be analysed. Result: Authorsdid not find any case reports and other papers discussing cervicofacial actinomycosis with HIV-positivein national and international journals. Three articles revealed that infection due to Actimomyces sp. wasrelated with long-term immunosuppressed conditions. In these articles, actinomycosis managementsshowed good response since their risk factors were known. However in our case, HIV as a predisposingfactor was discovered postoperatively, and after pharmacological treatment of actinomycosis had beenadministerred, affecting outcome and next management of this patient. Conclusion: In-depth analysisof actinomycosis predisposing factors, HIV infection should be included in order to improve the patientmanagement outcome. Keywords: Actinomycosis, risk factor, immunocompromised, human immunodeficiency virus


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