scholarly journals Chapter 4 Cosmic-ray Physics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetto D'Ettorre Piazzoli ◽  
Siming Liu ◽  
Domenico della Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Present State ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Broad Overview

Abstract In the first part of this Chapter the present state of knowledge from the observations of cosmic rays between 1013 eV and 1020 eV is summarized. This is not intended to be a complete review, but rather a broad overview of the relevant processes involving cosmic rays, including the astrophysical environments in which they take place. This overview mainly concerns experimental results and phenomenological aspects of their interpretation, therefore experiments’ description is not given but references to the vast bibliography are provided in the text. Some attempt is made to address the most popular explanations offered by theoretical models. The second part is devoted to the description of the LHAASO performance and of its capability to provide a response to several open questions, still unanswered, concerning cosmic rays above 1013 eV, highlighting which major steps forward in this field could be taken from LHAASO observations.

scholarly journals Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays: Origin, Composition and Spectrum

2019 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Roberto Aloisio
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Secondary Particles

The physics of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays will be reviewed, discussing the latest experimental results and theoretical models aiming at explaining the observations in terms of spectra, mass composition and possible sources. It will be also discussed the emission of secondary particles such as neutrinos and gamma rays produced by the interaction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with astrophysical photon backgrounds. The content of the present proceeding paper is mainly based on the review papers [1, 2].

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE RESULTS OF UHECR DETECTION ON THE LHC EXPERIMENTS

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (A) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly A. Petrukhin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Energy Interval ◽  
Mass System ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Region 10

The cosmic ray energy region 10<sup>15</sup> ÷ 10<sup>17</sup>TeV corresponds to LHC energies 1 ÷ 14TeV in the center-of-mass system. The results obtained in cosmic rays (CR) in this energy interval can therefore be used for developing new approaches to the analysis of experimental data, for interpreting the results, and for planning new experiments. The main problem in cosmic ray investigations is the remarkable excess of muons, which increases with energy and cannot be explained by means of contemporary theoretical models. Some possible new explanations of this effect and other unusual phenomena observed in CR, and ways of searching for them in the LHC experiments are discussed.

THE ANOMALOUS COSMIC RAY COMPONENT: A SHORT SURVEY

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (29) ◽  
pp. 6658-6661
Author(s):  
M. I. PANASYUK
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Ionization Potential ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Anomalous Cosmic Rays ◽  
Current State ◽  
Short Survey ◽  
Low Charge ◽  
First Ionization Potential

Cosmic rays in the energy range around ~ 10 MeV/nucl correspond to the so-called "anomalous cosmic rays" (ACR). These particles have low charge states and a high first ionization potential. Below we give a short survey of the current state of experimental results and theoretical models of the ACR component.

scholarly journals Gamma-Ray Bursts as Multienergy Neutrino Sources

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuaki Asano ◽  
Kohta Murase
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Theoretical Prediction ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Gamma Ray Bursts ◽  
Relativistic Jet ◽  
Neutrino Background

We review theoretical models for nonelectromagnetic emission, mainly neutrinos and cosmic rays, from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In various stages of the relativistic jet propagation, cosmic-ray ion acceleration and subsequent neutrino emission are expected. GRBs are popular candidate sources of the highest-energy cosmic rays, and their prompt phase has been most widely discussed. IceCube nondetection of PeV neutrinos coincident with GRBs has put interesting constraints on the standard theoretical prediction. The GRB-UHECR hypothesis can critically be tested by future observations. We also emphasize the importance of searches for GeV-TeV neutrinos, which are expected in the precursor/orphan or prompt phase, and lower-energy neutrinos would be more guaranteed and their detections even allow us to probe physics inside a progenitor star. Not only classical GRBs but also low-power GRBs and transrelativistic supernovae can be promising sources of TeV-PeV neutrinos, and we briefly discuss implications for the cumulative neutrino background discovered by IceCube.

scholarly journals ULTRA–HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (08n09) ◽  
pp. 1950-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFAN WESTERHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
New Era ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Many

One of the most striking astrophysical phenomena today is the existence of cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 1020 eV. While their presence has been confirmed by a number of experiments, it is not clear where and how these particles are accelerated to these energies and how they travel astronomical distances without substantial energy loss. We are entering an exciting new era in cosmic ray physics, with instruments now producing data of unprecedented quality and quantity to tackle the many open questions. This paper reviews the current experimental status of cosmic ray physics and summarizes recent results on the energy spectrum and arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

The Persuasion Effects of Political Endorsements

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-242
Author(s):  
Cheryl Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Political Persuasion

Political endorsements (recommendations about which candidate or policy to support) are ubiquitous in political contexts. They may come from political parties, interest groups, politicians, or even celebrities. Can uninformed citizens identify endorsers who share their interests and use their recommendations as substitutes for detailed political information? This chapter surveys the literature on the persuasion effects of political endorsements. It first provides an overview of theoretical models that examine how political endorsements affect citizens’ choices. Then, it describes a seminal observational study of how endorsements affect political persuasion. It next discusses experimental research that assesses the effects of endorsements. It emphasizes that experiments are particularly useful for identifying when political endorsements will persuade citizens because they allow scholars to manipulate the conditions that theoretical models identify in a carefully controlled environment. It concludes by discussing open questions about the effects of political endorsements and describing how ongoing research addresses them.

scholarly journals Intentions versus Outcomes: Cooperation and Fairness in a Sequential Prisoner’s Dilemma with Nature

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Garret Ridinger
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Empathic Concern ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Psychometric Measures ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game ◽  
First Mover

This paper investigates the importance of concerns about intentions and outcomes in a sequential prisoner’s dilemma game with nature. In the game, there is a chance that the first mover’s choice is reversed. This allows the separation of intended actions from the resulting outcomes. Equilibrium predictions from theoretical models of fairness are tested experimentally by varying the chance the first mover’s choice is reversed and whether the second mover observes the first mover’s choice. The results show that second mover cooperation is higher when the first mover has little control over their choice and when the second mover is not told what the first mover chose. While subject behavior is consistent with concerns for both intentions and outcomes, the results indicate that these concerns work in ways not predicted by current theoretical models. In addition, I find that psychometric measures of empathic concern and perspective taking are correlated with second mover cooperation and provide potential explanations for the experimental results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document