scholarly journals Erratum: A tale of two (and more) altruists (2021 J. Stat. Mech. 103405)

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 019901
Author(s):  
B De Bruyne ◽  
J Randon-Furling ◽  
S Redner
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
Wealth Redistribution ◽  
Total Wealth

Abstract We introduce a minimalist dynamical model of wealth evolution and wealth sharing among N agents as a platform to compare the relative merits of altruism and individualism. In our model, the wealth of each agent independently evolves by diffusion. For a population of altruists, whenever any agent reaches zero wealth (that is, the agent goes bankrupt), the remaining wealth of the other N − 1 agents is equally shared among all. The population is collectively defined to be bankrupt when its total wealth falls below a specified small threshold value. For individualists, each time an agent goes bankrupt (s)he is considered to be ‘dead’ and no wealth redistribution occurs. We determine the evolution of wealth in these two societies. Altruism leads to more global median wealth at early times; eventually, however, the longest-lived individualists accumulate most of the wealth and are richer and more long lived than the altruists.

EEG and Behavioral Changes following Neurofeedback Treatment in Learning Disabled Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Fernández ◽  
W. Herrera ◽  
T. Harmony ◽  
L Díaz-Comas ◽  
E. Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Socioeconomical Status ◽  
Experimental Group

Neurofeedback (NFB) is an operant conditioning procedure, by which the subject learns to control his/her EEG activity. On one hand, Learning Disabled (LD) children have higher values of theta EEG absolute and relative power than normal children, and on the other hand, it has been shown that minimum alpha absolute power is necessary for adequate performance. Ten LD children were selected with higher than normal ratios of theta to alpha absolute power (theta/alpha). The Test Of Variables of Attention (TOVA) was applied. Children were divided into two groups in order to maintain similar IQ values, TOVA values, socioeconomical status, and gender for each group. In the experimental group, NFB was applied in the region with highest ratio, triggering a sound each time the ratio fell below a threshold value. Noncontingent reinforcement was given to the other group. Twenty half-hour sessions were applied, at a rate of 2 per week. At the end of the 20 sessions, TOVA, WISC and EEG were obtained. There was significant improvement in WISC performance in the experimental group that was not observed in the control group. EEG absolute power decreased in delta, theta, alpha and beta bands in the experimental group. Control children only showed a decrease in relative power in the delta band. All changes observed in the experimental group and not observed in the control group indicate better cognitive performance and the presence of greater EEG maturation in the experimental group, which suggests that changes were due not only to development but also to NFB treatment.

scholarly journals ON THE MECHANISM OF TONIC IMMOBILITY IN VERTEBRATES

1928 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
The State ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Selective Inhibitors ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Temperature Range

1. The durations of successive periods of induced tonic immobility in the lizard Anolis carolinensis was examined as a function of temperature. An automatic recording method was employed and observations were made of 12,000 to 15,000 immobilizations with six animals over a temperature range of 5° to 35°C. during 5 months. 2. The durations of the immobile periods were found to vary rhythmically in most cases. The reciprocal of the duration of the rhythm, i.e., the rate of change of the process underlying the rhythms, when plotted as a function of temperature according to the Arrhenius equation show distributions of points in two straight line groups. One of these groups or bands of points extends throughout the entire temperature range with a temperature characteristic of approximately µ = 31,000 calories, and the other covers the range of 20° to 35°C. with µ equal to approximately 9,000 calories. 3. The initial stimulus in a series of inductions of immobility appears to set off a mechanism which determines the duration of the state of quiescence. Succeeding forced recoveries seem to have no effect on the normal duration of the rhythm. 4. These results are interpreted by assuming the release, through reflex stimulation, of hormonal substances, one effective between 5° and 35°C. and the other effective between 20° and 35°C. These substances are assumed to act as selective inhibitors of impulses from so called "higher centers," allowing impulses from tonic centers to pass to the muscles. 5. In some experiments a progressive lengthening in successively induced periods of immobility was observed. The logarithm of the frequency of recovery when plotted against time in most of these cases (i.e., except for a few in which irregularities occurred) gave a linear function of negative slope which was substantially unaffected by temperature. In these cases it is assumed that a diffusion process is controlling the amount of available A substance. 6. The results are similar to those obtained by Crozier with Cylisticus convexus. The duration of tonic immobility seems to be maintained in both arthropod and vertebrate by the chemical activity of "hormonal" selective inhibitors. The details of the mechanisms differ, but there is basic similarity. 7. Injections of small amounts of adrenalin above a threshold value are found to prolong the durations of tonic immobility of Anolis, by an amount which is a logarithmic function of the "dose." It is possible that internally secreted adrenalin, above a threshold amount, may be involved in the maintenance of tonic immobility. 8. The production of tonic immobility reflexly is a problem distinct from that of the duration of immobility. It is suggested that the onset may be induced by "shock" to the centers of reflex tonus causing promiscuous discharge of these centers with accompanying inhibition of the higher centers. Such a condition may result when an animal is suddenly lifted from the substratum and overturned, or when, as in the case of Anolis, it struggles with dorsum down. This reaction of the "tonic centers" may at the same time lead to discharge of the adrenal glands by way of their spinal connections thus prolonging the state.

Influence of Gate Material and Process on Junctionless FET Subthreshold Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Munawar A Riyadi ◽  
Irawan D Sukawati ◽  
Teguh Prakoso ◽  
Darjat Darjat
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subthreshold Slope ◽  
New Device ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Device Processing ◽  
Alternative Materials

The recent progress of dimension scaling of electronic device into nano scale has motivated the invention of alternative materials and structures. One new device that shows great potential to prolong the scaling is junctionless FET (JLFET). In contrast to conventional MOSFETs, JLFET does not require steep junction for source and drain. The device processing directly influence the performance, therefore it is crucial to understand the role of gate processing in JLFET. This paper investigates the influence of gate material and process on subthreshold performance of junctionless FET, by comparing four sets of gate properties and process techniques. The result shows that in terms of subthreshold slope, JLFET approaches near ideal value of 60 mV/decade, which is superior than the SOI FET for similar doping rate. On the other hand, the threshold value shows different tendencies between those types of device.

A Factor Interactive Investigation of Mail Survey Response Rates from a Commercial Population

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton M. Pressley ◽  
William L. Tullar
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Commercial Population ◽  
Main Effects

The results of a factorial experiment showed that a 10¢ incentive significantly increased the response rate from the commercial population surveyed by mail. No significant main effects were noted for the other factors tested, questionnaire color and cartoon illustrations included on the questionnaire. No significant interactive effects were found. The results of this investigation, in combination with those of earlier investigations, support the hypothesis that the importance of monetary inducements stems primarily from the psychological impact of receiving money (as opposed to the monetary value itself). Thus the hypothesis can be generalized with greater confidence to commercial populations. However, the results imply that there apparently is a threshold value for increasing response with monetary incentives which is lower for commercial populations (10¢) than it is for general public populations (25¢).

scholarly journals Magnetic properties of supraconductors

1936 ◽  
Vol 154 (882) ◽  
pp. 378-385 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
External Magnetic Field ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Longitudinal Field ◽  
Thick Wire

Mendelssohn and Babbitt observed that the induction in solid and hollow tin spheres which became supraconductive in an external magnetic field did not fall quite to zero, but that part of the magnetic flux was “frozen in” at the threshold value. This behaviour could be explained by considerations based on the shape of the specimen, although it was not certain if this was the only reason for the effect. It seemed therefore that it would be of interest to investigate specimens of a shape which assured simpler conditions, such as long rods in a longitudinal field, in addition to extending the experiments to a greater number of supraconducting substances. Method The same two helium liquefiers with which the previous experiments were carried out were used again. The specimens employed were in the form of long rods attached by a short thick wire of electrolytic copper to the helium container. The wire was autogenously welded to one end of the specimen, the other end of the copper wire being soldered to the helium container. In the case of mercury the metal was contained in a test tube held independently, into which a copper wire dipped and made thermal contact. A coil one layer thick of 47 s. w. g. copper wire was wound round the middle of each specimen, the ends being connected to a ballastic galvanometer.

scholarly journals Influence of Gate Material and Process on Junctionless FET Subthreshold Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Munawar A Riyadi ◽  
Irawan D Sukawati ◽  
Teguh Prakoso ◽  
Darjat Darjat
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subthreshold Slope ◽  
New Device ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Device Processing ◽  
Alternative Materials

The recent progress of dimension scaling of electronic device into nano scale has motivated the invention of alternative materials and structures. One new device that shows great potential to prolong the scaling is junctionless FET (JLFET). In contrast to conventional MOSFETs, JLFET does not require steep junction for source and drain. The device processing directly influence the performance, therefore it is crucial to understand the role of gate processing in JLFET. This paper investigates the influence of gate material and process on subthreshold performance of junctionless FET, by comparing four sets of gate properties and process techniques. The result shows that in terms of subthreshold slope, JLFET approaches near ideal value of 60 mV/decade, which is superior than the SOI FET for similar doping rate. On the other hand, the threshold value shows different tendencies between those types of device.

scholarly journals Relação entre produção e percepção de fala: coerência com o parâmetro fonético-acústico

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Cristina Berti
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Dynamical Nature ◽  
The Relationship

The present study investigates the perceptual consequences of the presence of categorical productions and phonic gradients and also tries to provide an understanding of the relationship between speech production and perception. Thirty five subjects, divided in three groups (adults, children with and without phonological disorders), participated in an identification experiment, which used typical stimuli (categorical productions of /s/ and /+”/) and intermediate stimuli (gradient productions of /s/ and /+”/). Typical stimuli and intermediate stimuli were perceived by all the subjects. Interestingly, children with phonological disorders identified the stimulus, behaving just as the other groups, contrary to what has been reported in the literature. The results suggest that there is an intrinsic relationship between speech production and perception. We propose, then, that the dynamical nature of speech production must be taken into account and, by implication, a dynamical model of development in the studies related to the production and perception of phonic contrast must be adopted.

scholarly journals Do City Size and Population Density Influence Regional Innovation Output Evidence from China?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Cai Shukai ◽  
Wang Haochen ◽  
Zhou Xiaohong
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
City Size ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Innovation Output ◽  
The Impact

This paper proposed a substantial gap to a large-scale population density and city size on regional innovation output. To measure the impact of population density and city size on regional innovation output, this study employs the threshold effect model with panel data of 230 prefectures and cities from 2007 to 2016. Based on the econometric analysis, the results exhibit a positive and significant relationship between population density, city size, and innovation output. This correlation suggests that when one factor increases, the other increases in the parallel direction and vice versa. Moreover, when the city size expands the threshold value of 2.934 percent, the innovation promotes and increases the effects of urban-scale expansion. On the other hand, for medium- and low-density cities, the increase of urban population density has a significant and positive impact on urban innovation output. However, for high-density cities, the increase of population density has no significant impact on innovation output.

A Statistical Study of Regeneration in Two Species of Crustacea

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-369
Author(s):  
W. E. AGAR
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apical Segment ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
General Internal ◽  
Dorsal Branch ◽  
General Complex ◽  
Normal Probability Distribution ◽  
The Right

1. The material for this study consists of over 1900 camera lucida tracings of regenerated antennae of the two Cladoceran genera, Simocephalus and Daphnia, in all which measurements of the regenerated parts were made. In about a thousand more examination was confined to the number of setae regenerated. 2. The standard operation consisted of the amputation of the dorsal branch of the right antenna (in some experiments, of both antennae) through the second segment (Daphnia) or third (Simocephalus), thus removing four setae in both genera, together with two and a half segments of the antennar axis in Daphnia, and one and a half in Simocephalus. 3. The missing segments are never regenerated, but a variable number of setae are produced in place of the four removed by the operation. The setae have a fairly complicated structure. 4. The degree of regeneration was chiefly measured by the number and length of setae regenerated. 5. The effect of varying the segment of amputation, or level of amputation within a segment, is described. 6. The vigour of regeneration shows no decline with age (at any rate, from late embryo to first adult instar). 7. The regeneration of one antenna is not affected, either favourably or unfavourably, by the simultaneous regeneration of the other. 8. No "improvement with practice" takes place. The regeneration of one antenna is either unaffected, or adversely affected, by the previous regeneration of the other. 9. Within the wide limits tested, the state of nutrition of the animal has no influence on regeneration. 10. The general internal condition of the animal, within the limits of variation dealt with, has very little influence on regeneration, as shown by the absence or low degree of correlation between the regeneration of right and left antennae of the same animal. 11. The general complex of external conditions exerts a significant influence on regeneration. 12. The main cause of variation in degree of regeneration is to be looked for in very numerous small factors localised in the regeneration blastem. The combined action of all these factors determines the regeneration potential. The value of this varies approximately according to the normal probability distribution, and expresses itself primarily in the number of setae produced. The left-hand end of the distribution of seta number resulting from the distribution of potential is cut off owing to the fact that the potential must rise beyond a certain threshold value before any setae can be produced. The distribution is condensed at the right-hand end owing to a tendency for the formation of new setae to cease when four have been formed. 13. Owing to the failure to regenerate the missing segments of the antennar axis, the formation of new setae after amputation near the base of the antenna only very imperfectly restores the original condition. When the amputation is performed through the apical segment, however, the regeneration of the setae removed by the operation practically restores the antenna to its original state. It is suggested that this is connected with the fact that after amputation near the base of the antenna, regeneration is highly variable and indeterminate, new setae being added to the regenerate throughout life; whereas after operation through the apical segment regeneration generally consists in the formation of the proper number of setae and then stops.

scholarly journals Crash dynamics of interdependent networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Chengyi Xia ◽  
Gaoxi Xiao ◽  
Yamir Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dynamical Model ◽  
World Systems ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Interdependent Networks ◽  
Interdependent System

Abstract The emergence and evolution of real-world systems have been extensively studied in the last few years. However, equally important phenomena are related to the dynamics of systems’ collapse, which has been less explored, especially when they can be cast into interdependent systems. In this paper, we develop a dynamical model that allows scrutinizing the collapse of systems composed of two interdependent networks. Specifically, we explore the dynamics of the system’s collapse under two scenarios: in the first one, the condition for failure should be satisfied for the focal node as well as for its corresponding node in the other network; while in the second one, it is enough that failure of one of the nodes occurs in either of the two networks. We report extensive numerical simulations of the dynamics performed in different setups of interdependent networks, and analyze how the system behavior depends on the previous scenarios as well as on the topology of the interdependent system. Our results can provide valuable insights into the crashing dynamics and evolutionary properties of interdependent complex systems.

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