scholarly journals Salmonella - foodborne pathogen and antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 854 (1) ◽  
pp. 012049
Author(s):  
J Kureljušić ◽  
J Žutić ◽  
B Kureljušić ◽  
N Rokvić ◽  
A Tasić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Fish Poisoning ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Foodborne Infections

Abstract Foodborne diseases encompass a wide spectrum of illnesses and are a growing public health problem worldwide. They are caused by consumption of food or water contaminated by pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. The contamination of food can occur at any stage in the process from food production to consumption (“farm to fork”) and can result from environmental contamination (water, soil or air). They enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract where the first symptoms often occur like nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and diarrhoea. However, symptoms differ among the different types of foodborne diseases and the patient’s immune status. Symptoms can sometimes be severe and some foodborne illnesses can even be fatal. Commonly recognized foodborne infections are: campylobacteriosis, Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis, listeriosis, giardiasis. norovirus infection, scombroid fish poisoning, shigellosis, toxoplasmosis, Vibrio infection and yersiniosis. One of the top three germs that cause illnesses from food eaten in EU is Salmonella.

scholarly journals First Successful Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in A 3-Year-5-Month Old Bangladeshi Pae-diatric Patient: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Tamanna Afroz ◽  
Sabina Sultana ◽  
Tangia Muquith ◽  
Md. Mahbub Noor ◽  
Mahfuz Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Plasma Exchange ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange ◽  
Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
Uremic Syndrome ◽  
First Time

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has evolved to an accepted therapy for selected indications. The aim is to remove putative disease mediators from the body. It is technically challenging in children but has become increasingly common practices for last several decades. We report a successful case of TPE along with renal replacement therapy in a 3-year-5-month old boy, weighing 15kg, diagnosed as atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). To the best of our knowledge TPE and Haemodialysis for such age and weight was for the first time in Bangladesh.

Wilsons Disease Presenting with the Clinical Picture of Haemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Friedrich B. ◽  
Schröder C. ◽  
Stenger R. ◽  
Findeisen A. ◽  
Lauffer H.
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Nanoparticles and Its Implications in HIV/AIDS Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor B. Oti
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Hiv Aids

The use of Antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV/ AIDS patients has enormously increased their life spans with serious disadvantages. The virus infection still remains a public health problem worldwide with no cure and vaccine for the viral agent until now. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS is an emerging technology of the 21st century. NPs are solid and colloid particles with 10 nm to <1000 nm size range; although, less than 200 nm is the recommended size for nanomedical usage. There are NPs with therapeutic capabilities such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers and nanocapsules. The particle enters the body mainly via oral intake, direct injection and inhalation. It has been proven to have potentials of advancing the prevention and treatment of the viral agent. Certain NPs have been shown to have selftherapeutic activity for the virus in vitro. Strategies that are novel are emerging which can be used to improve nanotechnology, such as genetic treatment and immunotherapy. In this review, nanoparticles, the types and its characteristics in drug delivery were discussed. The light was furthermore shed on its implications in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

MRSA/MSSA causing infections: prevalence of mecA gene

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Vieira ◽  
N Leal ◽  
A Rodrigues ◽  
C Chaves ◽  
F Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
University Center ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Human Flora ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is part of the human flora, present in the skin and mucous membranes but can become pathogenic, causing a wide spectrum of infections that were initially treated with penicillin. However, were observed some strains with resistance to this antibiotic and, therefore was developed a new antibiotic, the methicillin. After its introduction, arose the first S. aureus with resistance to methicillin (MRSA) due to the presence of a gene known as mecA that encodes an altered penicillin binding protein (PBP2a). In Europe, it is estimated that MRSA are associated to 44% of hospital acquired infections and its mortality rate is around 20%. Objectives Prevalence of MRSA strains in different types of infection in Coimbra district. Methodology Were analysed a total of 539 isolates of S. aureus previously characterized to the antibiotic susceptibility profile in the Hospital and University Center of Coimbra. Through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin we classified our strains into MRSA and S. aureus methicillin-sensitive (MSSA); simultaneously, the mecA gene was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results Of the 539 isolates, 49% were considered MRSA and 51% MSSA. All MRSA isolates express the mecA gene, but from the total of 276 MSSA, 191 show this gene but do not express it. MRSA isolates were mostly from respiratory tract samples (48%) and blood cultures (21%) while MSSA were isolated in skin and soft tissue samples (35%). Conclusion MRSA are considered one of the primary pathogens for the development of pneumonia and septicaemia due to its highly virulent potential and the increasing expression of genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, infections caused by MRSA continue with highly representability in the clinical context and their dissemination is a public health problem.

scholarly journals Infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Karmali
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) are a newly recognized group of enteric pathogens which are increasingly being recognized as common causes of diarrhea in some geographic settings. Outbreak studies indicate that most patients with VTEC infection develop mild uncomplicated diarrhea. However, a significant risk of two serious and potentially life-threatening complications, hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, makes VTEC infection a public health problem of serious concern. The main reservoirs of VTEC appear to be the intestinal tracts of animals, and foods of animal (especially bovine) origin are probably the principal sources for human infection. The term VT refers to a family of subunit exotoxins with high biological activity. Individual VTEC strains elaborate one or both of at least two serologically distinct, bacteriophage-mediated VTs (VT1 and VT2) which are closely related to Shiga toxin and are thus also referred to as Shiga-like toxins. The holotoxins bind to cells, via their B subunits, to a specific receptor which is probably the glycolipid, globotriosyl ceramide (Gb3). Binding is followed by internalization of the A subunit, which, after it is proteolytically nicked and reduced to the A1 fragment, inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells by inactivating 60S ribosomal subunits through selective structural modification of 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. The mechanism of VTEC diarrhea is still controversial, and the relative roles of locally acting VT and "attaching and effacing adherence" of VTEC to the mucosa have yet to be resolved. There is increasing evidence that hemolytic uremic syndrome and possibly hemorrhagic colitis result from the systemic action of VT on vascular endothelial cells. The role of antitoxic immunity in preventing the systemic complications of VTEC infection is being explored. Antibiotics appear to be contraindicated in the treatment of VTEC infection. The most common VTEC serotype associated with human disease is O157:H7, but over 50 different VT-positive O:H serotypes have now been identified. The best strategies for diagnosing human VTEC infection include testing for the presence of free VT in fecal filtrates and examining fecal cultures for VTEC by means of deoxyribonucleic acid probes that specify genes encoding VT1 and VT2. Both methods are currently confined to specialized laboratories and await commercial development for wider use. In the meantime, most laboratories should continue to screen for the most common human VTEC serotype, O157:H7, using a sorbitol-containing MacConkey medium.

scholarly journals Effects of a workplace prevention programme for problem gambling: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e015963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Rafi ◽  
Ekaterina Ivanova ◽  
Alexander Rozental ◽  
Per Carlbring
Keyword(s):  
Problem Gambling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prevention Programme ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionDespite being considered a public health problem, no prevention programme for problem gambling in workplace settings has been scientifically evaluated. This study aims to fill a critical gap in the field of problem gambling by implementing and evaluating a large-scale prevention programme in organisations.Methods and analysisTen organisations, with a total of n=549 managers and n=8572 employees, will be randomised to either receiving a prevention programme or to a waitlist control condition. Measurements will be collected at the baseline and 3, 12 and 24 months after intervention. The primary outcome of interest is the managers’ inclination to act when worried or suspicious about an employee’s problem gambling or other harmful use. Additional outcomes of interest include the Problem Gambling Severity Index and gambling habits in both managers and employees. Furthermore, qualitative analyses of the responses from semistructured interviews with managers will be performed.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the regional ethics board of Stockholm, Sweden, and it will contribute to the body of knowledge concerning prevention of problem gambling. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed, open-access journals.Trial registration numberNCT02925286; Pre-results.

Cortisol – inspection in the physiology and stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Nikola Musiała ◽  
Iga Hołyńska-Iwan ◽  
Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Renal Handling ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Neurotransmitter Secretion ◽  
Fatty Acids Metabolism ◽  
System Functioning

Cortisol, also called “the” stress hormone is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. This hormone plays a significant role in maintaining homeostasis, according to the body’s total stress. Cortisol interferes with many organs, affects glucose and fatty acids metabolism and neurotransmitter secretion. Predominantly, cortisol influences the carbohydrate metabolism, stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver and inhibiting glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. As it is an element “fight or flight” it also stimulates central nervous system and enhances blood flow. To some extent cortisol influences also the renal handling of electrolytes, namely: increasing sodium resorption, and renal excretion of potassium, calcium and phosphates. Through its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive character this glucocorticoid modulates the immune system functioning. Cortisol has a circadian rhythm following ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretion. Increased cortisol levels are observed physiologically during stress and pathologically in Cushing’s syndrome. Chronic hypercortisolism is harmful or the body, and its effects present an extremely wide spectrum, including insulin resistance, obesity, insomnia and even depression. Thus, laboratory diagnosis of cortisol level is important for the diagnosis, monitoring and evaluate the effectiveness of hypercortisolism treatment.

A Review on Meropenem

2021 ◽  
pp. 5034-5038
Author(s):  
Mohsina Abed ◽  
Sara Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Enhanced Absorption ◽  
Bacterial Cell Death ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthetic Derivative

Meropenem is a new Carbapenem antibacterial agent with wide spectrum of activity for intravenous administration. It is synthetic derivative of Thienamycin. Three analogues of Meropenem are evaluated and active against 18 bacterial strains. Meropenem causes rapid bacterial cell death by covalently binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBS). Structural modification at C-2 position, produced double promoiety prodrug of Meropenem and increases bioavailability of oral administration. Other forms of drug such as liposome and nanoparticles are also available with enhanced absorption. 14C labelled Meropenem prepared from 14C Dimethylamine hydrochloride is used for the analysis of M. tuberculosis transpeptidase. ICI213,689 is the only metabolite of Meropenem and it is inactive. Meropenem penetrates well into the body fluids and tissues including cerebrospinal fluid. Its bioavailability is 100% on intravenous administration. Hence it is used in the treatment of meningitis, febrile neutropenia, anthrax and various other skin and skin structure infections. Dosage reduction is required in patient with reduced renal function but not in hepatic impairment. Seizures, gastrointestinal haemorrhage are observed in patients. Vabmoere is the combination of Meropenem and Vaborbactam which is active against the Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriacea. Meropenem is an effective broad-spectrum antibacterial drug for the treatment of wide range of infection including polymicrobial infection in both children and adult.

The Basics of Microbiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Solbach
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Microorganisms constitute 70 percent of the biomass on Planet Earth. Comparatively few species are adapted to colonize human surfaces and form a complex Meta-Organism with manyfold mutual benefits. Occasionally, microorganisms may overcome the barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces and may multiply locally or in multiple sites inside the body. This process is called infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, helminths, and fungi. Immediately after infection, numerous defense mechanisms of the immune system are activated to combat replication of the microbes. There is a balance between microorganism and human defense mechanisms, which may lead to either asymptomatic infection or result in a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe disease and even death. The most important factors in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are a careful history, physical examination and the appropriate collection of body fluids and tissues. Laboratory diagnosis requires between 2 and 72 hours. Wherever possible, antibiotics should only be used when sufficient evidence of efficacy is available. Then, however, they should be used as early as possible and in high doses. In addition to everyday hygiene measures, vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infectious diseases.

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