scholarly journals Thornthwaite Models for Estimating Potential evapotranspiration in Medan City

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012095
Author(s):  
N Anggraini ◽  
B Slamet

Abstract Evapotranspiration plays a big role in the hydrology process. Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) always keeps soil moisture available, although an amount of water evaporates through evaporation and transpiration. The Thornthwaite equation uses air temperature and latitude from meteorological observations for estimating PET. Medan City is one of the biggest cities in Indonesia that have a problem with land-use change that affected water balance. This study is to estimate the PET and to learn the water balance in Medan City. The monthly temperature data for the period 2011-2020 is collected from three meteorological stations for estimating PET using the Thornthwaite equation. The highest monthly temperature is in Belawan Maritime Meteorological Station yet the lowest rainfall. The trends of PET depend on the month. The highest PET in Jan.-Apr. and Sep.-Dec. are in Belawan Maritime Meteorological Station, while the highest PET in May-Aug. is in Indonesia Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Region I Medan. The P-PET has shown negative and positive values. The lowest P-PET is found in Belawan Maritime Meteorological Station in March and the highest P-PET is found in Indonesia Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics Region I Medan in October.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani ◽  

The hydrology section is divided into two main components, surface and groundwater. One of the most important outcomes in the water balance equation for any natural area or water body is Evapotranspiration and it is also a crucial component of the hydrologic cycle. Prediction of monthly evapotranspiration can be obtained depending on observed monthly average temperatures at a meteorological station in each year. Calculating of water balance in Iraq depending on meteorological data and Thornthwaite method was the aim of this research. Results of corrected potential evapotranspiration (PEc) obtained from applying Thornthwaite formula were compared with annual and monthly rainfall in thirty two meteorological station in order to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AE). The results showed that the annual summation of rainfall increased from south west towards north east according to the increasing ratio of rainfall due to the impact of Mediterranean climate condition on Iraq. Actual evapotranspiration depends directly on water excess during calculating water balance. Water surplus contour map indicates increased values towards north-east direction of Iraq, where water surplus depends directly on both rainfall and actual evapotranspiration.


1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 38-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renji Naruse ◽  
Pedro Skvarca ◽  
Yukari Takeuchi

Glaciar Upsala, a freshwater calving glacier in southern Patagonia, has been retreating since 1978, and after a drastic recession of about 700 m a−1 in 1994 the retreat seems to have stopped in 1995. A large ice-thinning rate of 11 m a−1 was obtained between 1990 and 1993, by surveying surface elevations near the terminus of Glaciar Upsala. In 1993–94, the thinning was estimated at about 20 m a−1 near the lateral margin. Some possible causes of the thinning behavior are considered. In the ablation area of Glaciar Perito Moreno, 50 km south of Glaciar Upsala, ablation rates were measured during 110 d in summer 1993–94, and air temperature was continuously recorded throughout 1994. Using a degree-day method with temperature data at the nearest meteorological station, Calafate, annual ablation during the last 30 years was estimated to fluctuate from about 12 ± 2 to 16 ± 2 m a−1 in ice thickness, with a mean of 14 ± 2 m a−1. Thus, the temperature anomaly alone cannot elucidate the thinning of 11 m a−1 at Glaciar Upsala. As a possible mechanism of the ice-thinning, it is suggested that the considerable retreat due to calving may have resulted in reduction of longitudinal compressive stress exerted from bedrock rises and islands near the glacier front, causing a considerable decrease in the emergence flow. Thus, the ice may have thinned at a rate close to the annual ablation rate.


Author(s):  
B. Natsagdorj ◽  
S. Dalantai ◽  
E. Sumiya ◽  
Y. Bao ◽  
S. Bayarsaikhan ◽  
...  

Abstract. The climate of Mongolia is a harsh continental climate with four distinctive seasons, high annual and diurnal temperature fluctuations, and low rainfall. Because of the country’s high altitude, it is generally colder than that of other countries in the same latitude. This study focuses on evaluating the suitability of two interpolation methods in terms of their accuracy at the air temperature data in Mongolia. Four data sets of air temperature from 1982 to 2019 in 60 meteorological stations located in Mongolia and elaborated from a 90 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM), latitude and longitude using two interpolation methods. ArcGIS is used to produce the spatially distributed air temperature data by using IDW and ordinary kriging. Three statistical methods are multiple regression, RMSE and bias, which showed that the IDW the best for this data from other methods by the results that have been obtained. Statistics on the latitude, longitude and surface elevation of each of the 37 years in Mongolia at 60 meteorological stations have been statistically valid with dependent coefficients at 95–99.9%. As the average air temperature, recorded at the meteorological stations, had a statistical correlation of −0.606 with latitude, 0.295 with longitude, and −0.432 with altitude, a multiple regression equation was developed and a highly accurate map for long terms air temperature covering 1982–2019 using interpolation IDW and Kriging method. Also, the highest RMSE value for maps used IDW was 1.38 while the lowest and average values were 0.03 and 0.44, respectively, and the highest bias was 1.21, lowest 0.95, and average 1.01. As opposed to, highest RMSE value for maps that used Kriging, was 6.16, lowest 0.27 and average 1.08 while highest bias was 1.29 and lowest was 0.85, with 1.01 as average. This demonstrates that IDW offers much better accuracy as opposed to Kriging and shows less bias errors. When the air temperature map that used the IDW method is compared against the meteorological station data the significance was 0.98 and when compared against ERA5 model results, significance was 0.95 showing strong statistical significance. Also, a comparison of air temperature map, processed by Kriging method and the meteorological station data shows 0.97 statistical significance, and comparison with ERA5 model shows (validation) 0.94 significance, which is very high. The mean value of the calculated temperature regression model in Mongolia and the root mean square error 0.02–0.09 for each station indicates that the estimation method is good and can be used in the future.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Ari Sugiarto ◽  
Budi Indra Setiawan ◽  
Chusnul Arif ◽  
Satyanto Krido Saptomo

A review of air temperature in the Palembang city by reviewing data from the National Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics/BMKG (Kenten Climatology Station and the SMB II Meteorological Station) shows a difference in air temperature can indicate the occurrence of Urban Heat Island (UHI). The difference in air temperature affects the evapotranspiration rate (ET) because air temperature very influencing water evaporation. ET rate estimation with air temperature data is the first step to prove this hypothesis. Hargreaves and Samani, Blaney and Criddle, Linacre, and Kharuffa models is the ET model that using air temperature as the variable was used to estimate the ET rate. Air temperature data used in the period 2011-2020 by reviewing data from the Kenten Climatology Station and the SMB II Meteorological Station. The results of this study of air temperature data from the Kenten Climatology Station and the SMB II Meteorology Station showed a difference in air temperature with the minimum ∆T of 0.42 oC, the maximum of 0.43 oC, and the daily average of 0.41 oC. This difference in air temperature has an impact on the difference in the ET rate with the average ∆ET of the Hargreaves and Samani model of 0.05 mm/day, the Blaney and Criddle model of 0.05 mm/day, the Linacre model of 0.06 mm/day, and the Kharuffa model of 0.14 mm/day. The results of this study predicted that an increase in air temperature causes an increase in the ET rate of ± 10-30%.


MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
N. CHATTOPADHYAY ◽  
S. S. VYAS ◽  
B. K. BHATTACHARYA ◽  
N. S. TIDKE ◽  
N. G. DHANGAR

Under the present study estimation of high resolution soil moisture (SM) under Pan India mode using simple water balance method and from satellite data has been explored. It aims at the simple calculation of soil moisture followed by verification with ground truth data of SM on spatial and temporal scale (WC) as climatic input. The model has been verified for winter (January-February), pre-monsoon (March-May), monsoon (June-September) and post-monsoon (October-December) seasons of year 2013. The comparison of model estimates with the in-situ data from 17 ground stations (for 396 paired datasets) over different seasons produced a better correlation coefficient varying from 0.46 to 0.60. The spatial comparison of SM estimated from model and satellite SM for the monsoon season shows a greater degree of coherence over most parts of India. Model derived weekly gridded SM combined with higher resolution satellite SM could use simple formulation and minimum inputs in conjunction with geographic information system (GIS). The SM is calculated on weekly basis and using gridded rainfall, potential evapotranspiration (PET) and field capacity (FC) and wilting point be used for better accuracy of the proposed block level agrometadvisory services.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eladio Delgadillo-Ruiz ◽  
Eusebio Jr. Ventura-Ramos ◽  
Julián González Trinidad ◽  
Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Francisco Bautista-Capetillo ◽  
...  

This work studies the statistical characteristics of potential evapotranspiration calculations and their relevance within the water balance used to determine water availability in hydrological basins. The purpose of this study was as follows: first, to apply a missing data reconstruction scheme in weather stations of the Rio Queretaro basin; second, to reduce the generated uncertainty of temperature data: mean, minimum, and maximum values in the evapotranspiration calculation which has a paramount importance in the manner of obtaining the water balance at any hydrological basin. The reconstruction of missing data was carried out in three steps: (1) application of a 4-parameter sinusoidal type regression to temperature data, (2) linear regression to residuals to obtain a regional behavior, and (3) estimation of missing temperature values for a certain year and during a certain season within the basin under study; estimated and observed temperature values were compared. Finally, using the obtained temperature values, the methods of Hamon, Papadakis, Blaney and Criddle, Thornthwaite, and Hargreaves were employed to calculate potential evapotranspiration that was compared to the real observed values in weather stations. With the results obtained from the application of this procedure, the surface water balance was corrected for the case study.


2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-861
Author(s):  
M. A. Bari ◽  
K. R. J. Smettem

Abstract. A simple conceptual water balance model representing the streamflow generation processes on a daily time step following land use change is presented. The model consists of five stores: (i) Dry, Wet and Subsurface Stores for vertical and lateral water flow, (ii) a transient Stream zone Store (iii) a saturated Goundwater Store. The soil moisture balance in the top soil Dry and Wet Stores are the most important component of the model and characterize the dynamically varying saturated areas responsible for surface runoff, interflow and deep percolation. The Subsurface Store describes the unsaturated soil moisture balance, extraction of percolated water by vegetation and groundwater recharge. The Groundwater Store controls the baseflow to stream (if any) and the groundwater contribution to the stream zone saturated areas. The daily model was developed following a "downward approach" from an earlier monthly model and performed very well in simulating daily flow generation processes observed at Ernies (control) and Lemon (53% cleared) catchments in Western Australia. Most of the model parameters were incorporated a priori from catchment attributes such as surface slope, soil depth, porosity, stream length and initial groundwater depth, and some were calibrated by matching the observed and predicted hydrographs. The predicted groundwater depth, and streamflow volumes across all time steps from daily to monthly to annual were in close agreement with observations for both catchments.


2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junun Sartohadi ◽  
Junita Saragih

The objectives of this research were 1) to determine soil moisture regime based on rainfall and temperature data; 2) to make a correction of the first objective based on soil moisture surplus and deficit calulation; 3) to study the pattern of soil moisture regime distribution in the research area. The field sampling tehniques applied in this research was stratified proposed sampling. Landform unit was applied as strata. Soil depth and texture were considered during field soil sampling within the landform unit. Rainfall and air temperature data were analyzed using Newball Simulation Model (NSM) to determine a tentative soil moisture regime. The tentative soil moisture regime was corrected using calculation soil moisture regime of soil moisture surplus and deficit. The soil moisture surplus and deficit was calculated based on soil depth, soil texture, rainfall, and temperature data. The result of this research were 1) soil moisture regime estimated using NSM ranged from ustic to udic; 2) soil moisture regime corrected using surplus and/ or defiit alulation of soil moisture ranged from xeric to udic; 3) the pattern of soil moisture regime distribution in the reaserch area was not only controlled by the pattern of rainfall – air temperature distribution but it was also controlled by the pattern of soil – landform distribution. Under the some amount of annual rainfall, shallow and coarse texture soils have drier soil moisture regime than deep and fine texture soils.


Irriga ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-655
Author(s):  
Paulo André da Silva Martins ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Santos Querino ◽  
Marcos Antônio Lima Moura ◽  
Juliane Kayse Albuquerque da Silva Querino ◽  
Leia Beatriz Vieira Bentolila ◽  
...  

BALANÇO HÍDRICO CLIMATOLÓGICO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA DE THORNTHWAITE E MATHER (1955) PARA O MUNICÍPIO DE MANICORÉ, NA MESORREGIÃO SUL DO AMAZONAS     PAULO ANDRÉ DA SILVA MARTINS1; CARLOS ALEXANDRE SANTOS QUERINO2; MARCOS ANTÔNIO LIMA MOURA3; JULIANE KAYSE ALBUQUERQUE DA SILVA QUERINO4; LÉIA BEATRIZ VIEIRA BENTOLILA5 E PAULA CAROLINE DOS SANTOS SILVA6   1Doutorando em Geografia pela Universidade Federal de Rondônia -UNIR, membro pesquisador do grupo de pesquisa Interação biosfera atmosfera na Amazônia – GPIBA, da Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM e grupo de pesquisa geografia e planejamento ambiental - LABOGEOPA, da Universidade Federal de Rondônia – UNIR, Rua 29 de agosto s/n, centro, CEP: 69800-000, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2Departamento de Hidro meteorologia e pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM.  Rua 29 de agosto s/n, centro, CEP: 69800-000, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 3Instituto de Ciências Atmosféricas Universidade Federal de Alagoas – ICAT/UFAL. Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, S/N Tabuleiro dos Martins, CEP: 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 4Departamento de Hidro meteorologia e pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM.  Rua 29 de agosto s/n, centro, CEP: 69800-000, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 5Engenheira Ambiental, membra do grupo de pesquisa Interação biosfera atmosfera na Amazônia – GPIBA, da Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM. Rua 29 de agosto s/n, centro, CEP: 69800-000, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected] 6Mestra em Ciências Ambientais pela Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM. Membra do grupo de pesquisa Interação biosfera atmosfera na Amazônia – GPIBA, da Universidade Federal do Amazonas – UFAM Rua 29 de agosto s/n, centro, CEP: 69800-000, Humaitá, Amazonas, Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]     1 RESUMO   O padrão climático é descrito pelas condições das variáveis meteorológicas que exercem influência nas atividades humanas. Por sua vez, a agricultura é condicionada pela disponibilidade hídrica que pode ser conhecida através do balanço hídrico. Objetivou-se analisar a precipitação e a temperatura do ar, bem como realizar o balanço hídrico climatológico e a classificação climática em Manicoré-AM. Os dados foram coletados a partir da estação meteorológica do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia entre os anos de 2010 a 2018. A evapotranspiração potencial foi calculada pelo modelo de Thornthwaite (1948). O balanço hídrico e a classificação climática foram estimados pela metodologia de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955). Os resultados foram analisados através de estatística descritiva. A precipitação média anual foi de 2.946,20 mm dos quais 90% ocorreram no período chuvoso. A temperatura do ar (Tar) média anual variou entre 25 e 27 °C. A deficiência hídrica anual média foi de 267,91 mm entre maio e setembro. O excedente hídrico médio anual foi de 1.609,26 mm entre dezembro e abril. A evapotranspiração potencial média anual foi de 1.604,85 mm, com máxima em agosto e mínima em julho. Por fim, a Classificação climática foi AwA’a’, clima super úmido megatérmico com moderada deficiência hídrica no inverno.   Palavras-Chaves: Precipitação, Temperatura do ar, Padrão climático.   MARTINS, P. A. da S.; QUERINO, C. A. S.; MOURA, MARCOS A. L.; QUERINO, J. K. A. da S.; BENTOLILA, L. B. V.; SILVA, P. C. dos S. CLIMATIC WATER BALANCE AND THORNTHWAITE AND MATHER (1955) CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION FOR MANICORÉ MUNICIPALITY IN AMAZONAS SOUTH MESOREGION     2 ABSTRACT   Climate pattern can be described by the conditions of the meteorological variables that exert influence on human activities. Agriculture, in its turn, is conditioned by water availability, which can be known through water balance. This paper aimed to analyze precipitation and air temperature, as well as to perform the climatic water balance and climatic classification in the municipality of Manicoré (Amazonas State, Brazil). Data were collected from the meteorological station of the National Institute of Meteorology from 2010 through 2018. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated by the Thornthwaite model (Thornthwaite, 1948). Water balance and climatic classification were estimated by Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) methodology. The results were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The mean annual precipitation was 2.946.20 mm, of which 90% occurred in the rainy season. The average annual air temperature ranged from 25 to 27 ° C. The mean annual water deficit was 267.91 mm from May through September. The average annual water surplus was 1,609.26 mm from December through April. The annual average potential evapotranspiration was 1,604.85 mm, with maximum in August and minimum in July. Finally, the climatic classification was AwA'a ', super humid megathermal climate with moderate water deficiency in winter.   Keywords: Precipitation, Air temperature, Southern Amazonas.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Eleonora Runtunuwu ◽  
Akihiko Kondoh

Effect of climate change on water balance will play a key role in the biosphere system. To study the global climate change impact on water balance during 95-year period (1901-1995), long-term grid climatic data including global mean monthly temperature and precipitation at 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution were analysed. The trend and variation of climate change, the time series of monthly air temperature and precipitation data were aggregated into annual arithmetic means for two extreme periods (1901-1920 and 1990-1995). The potential evapotranspiration (Eo) was calculated using Thornthwaite method.<br />The changes in mean annual value were obtained by subtracting the maximum period data from 1990 to 1995 (Max) with the minimum period data from 1901 to 1920 (Min). The results revealed that over 95-year period, mean global air temperature increased by 0.57oC. The temperature increase varied greatly in Asia, with more than 3.0oC, especially at 45-70oN, as well over the northern part of America (60-65oN) and Europe (55- 75oN). In low latitude across Asia, Africa, and South America, the variation was less than 1.5oC. In 80-85ºN region, the variation was relatively small and at higher latitudes it increased<br />significantly. Precipitation varied temporally and spatially. In the 40-45ºN and 40-45ºS regions, increasing precipitation of more than 100 mm occurred during the June-August and<br />September-November, especially in the northern hemisphere. The Eo increase of 2000 mm during 95 years occurred in the tropical northern America, middle Africa, and South-East Asia. A grid in Central Java of Indonesia showed that the Eo increase of 2500 mm during 95 years resulted in the decrease of growing period by 100 days. In coping with climate change, adjustment of cropping calendar is imperative.


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