Selection of the Optimal Window Type and Orientation for the Two Cities in Serbia and One in Slovakia

The necessity of having windows on any building’s façade is not questionable. However, not every window is suitable for any building. The selection of an adequate window must include the analysis of various factors—the most important ones are the type of window (e.g., single or double glazing); filling gas in cavities (e.g., air, argon or some other gas); and placing, i.e., orientation of a window on a façade (facing north, south, or east, etc.). The research presented in this paper is dealing with the calculation of the window thermal loading for the cities of Kragujevac and Bor in Serbia and Žilina in Slovakia. These three cities were selected because they belong to different climate regions, according to the Köppen–Geiger climatic classification. The first two cities in Serbia belong to the same region Cf with difference only in the category of summer—Kragujevac Cfa and Bor Cfb—while the third city—Žilina in Slovakia—belongs to the Dfb region. The calculated thermal loading through the window was obtained as a sum of the thermal loading due to the heat conduction and thermal loading due to the solar radiation. The objective was to find the optimal window construction and orientation of a building’s façade for each of these cities, by varying the type of the window, its frame material and the filling gas. The results show that for the first two cities in Serbia, there is a difference in the window frame material in the optimal window construction, while for the third city (Žilina in Slovakia), the results are the same as for the second city (Bor in Serbia) despite the fact that they belong to different climate regions (Cfb and Dfb, respectively). These results support the fact that the climate affects the optimal window construction for any city/region in the world.

Climatic classification of Bangladesh

Using climatological data for 27 years of 16 stations an attempt has been made to classify the climate of Bangladesh by the method of Ivanov (1941. 1956 & 1958). Selianinov (1966). Gorsinkii and Shever (1976). By Ivanov's method it has been established that there are three climatic zones in Bangladesh (i) zone with simple humid climate- western bordering districts of Bangladesh; (ii) zone with sufficient humid climate -areas of Bangladesh mainly to the west of 90. E and (iii) zone with super humid climate areas or Bangladesh mainly to the east of 90"E. Almost analogous climatic zones have been obtained by Selianinov's method. By Gorsinkii's method. it has been shown that there are three climatic zones in Bangladesh' (i) quasi-maritime climate -southeastern and northeastern hilly areas; (ii} climate of the plain land- the central belt of the country. and (iii) quasi-continental clill1ate -western bordering districts. By Shevers method it has been shown that there is only sharp continental type of climate in Bangladesh.

Agro-climatic classification in India

In the present study, principal component analysis has been applied to agroclimatic variables for delineating India into homogeneous agroclimatic zones for kharif crops. The vaTiates chosen were soil moisture, water need of the crops, number of rainy days and radiation. Spatial variability of some of these factors has been discussed. Vector 1 and vector 2 were obtained for each of the three separate sets of the variates and plotted to obtain grid maps. Through a process of successive superimposition of these maps, agro-climatic zones have been obtained.

Agroclimatic classification for assessment Of the crop potential of Karnataka

To plan cropping pattern and to bring out agricultural potential of a region, it is essential that the agro climatic classification is made on an objective and rational basis. Such an attempt has been made in this paper by devising an index called Water Availability Index (WAI). This index takes into account the distribution of the minimum water required by the crop. It utilizes the most probable number of the wet weeks for three threshold values of weekly rainfall and probability of dry spells of more than three weeks. The methodology developed is applied to dry farming tracts of Karnataka State. Using these information along with the information of the soil types and water requirement of different crops, cropping pattern can be assessed in each agro climatic zone, so that optimum use of the available moisture is made in stabilizing the crop production in the State.

Climate change in a typical Apulian region for table grape production: spatialisation of bioclimatic indices, classification and Future Scenarios

The present research focused on the characterisation of climate evolution in a typical Apulian region for table grape production under the protected geographical indication, “Uva di Puglia I.G.P.”Two thirty-year time window period (TW) were analysed: 1961-1990 and 1991-2020. Georeferenced maps for both TWs were produced to delimit homogeneous zones and to evaluate the climate variability within the investigated area by means of the two bioclimatic indices, Heliothermal Index (HI) and Winkler Index (WI). Spatial analysis of HI and WI was performed using the regression-kriging (RK) interpolation method and the Digital Elevation Model/DEM (10 x 10 m) as a prediction attribute.An increase in both the minimum and maximum temperatures was observed, and locations above 300 m a.s.l. shifted from HI+1 “temperate warm” to HI+2 “warm” according to the Geoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System. WI values similarly increased between the periods 1961–1990 and 1991–2020, shifting all the sites grouped in the Elevation Classes defined as being below 300 m a.s.l. from Region IV to Region V of the Winkler Classification.According to HI and WI, presumed maturity was calculated as being reached 9 to 15 (HI) and 12 to 28 days (WI) earlier in 1991–2020 than in 1961–1990, taking into account the heat requirements of cv. Italia table grape (representative of Apulian table grape production), were set at 2200 for both indices on the basis of literature data.Moreover, three table grape vineyards, located in the three main producing provinces of Apulia (Bari, Taranto and Barletta-Andria-Trani (BAT)), were considered for future scenarios analysis on the basis of two different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 4.5 and 8.5, and classified according to the Geoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (MCC). Future scenarios scored WI values that exceeded the threshold of 2700 in the BAT and TA provinces in the 2061–2090 time window period for RCP 8.5. In contrast, RCP 4.5 led to a mitigating effect, which was not noticeable until 2040, with a consequent reclassification of the investigated areas on the basis of HI and Cool Night Index (CI).These findings suggest that in order to prevent or overcome heat stress, it will be necessary to implement strategies, such as vineyard relocation to unexplored elevations or latitudes and/or the exploitation of new table grape varieties able to fulfill the optimal maturity parameters, even when the duration of the phenological phases is shorter.

Studies of meteorological elements and climate change in the Uruçuí river basin/Brazil

The objective is to show the variability of meteorological elements in the hydrographic basin area of the hydrographic basin of the Uruçuí Preto River–PI/Brazil, aiming to contribute to sustainable development in the productive areas of agriculture, laser, and hydrology. The meteorological elements studied are air temperature and relative humidity and their fluctuations, thermal amplitude, wind (intensity and direction), total insolation, cloud cover, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and rainfall. The data were from the 1960-1990 series, acquired by the Superintendency of the Development of the Northeast and by the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company of Piauí. The maximum annual temperature is 32.1°C, its minimum 20.0°C, with an average annual temperature of 26.1°C. A climatic classification was used according to the KÖPPEN systems, where two climatic types are distinguished in the Uruçuí Preto/PI river basin, the Aw, tropical hot and humid, with rain in summer and dry in winter; Bsh, warm semi-arid, with summer rains and dry winter. The variation of the thermal amplitude is from 11.9 to 14.9ºC. The average relative humidity of the air was 47 to 79%; the average annual precipitation was 937.7 mm; it was observed that the annual march of relative humidity follows the annual distribution of precipitation because the precipitation was the feeding process from natural sources of water vapor and moisture. Total Sunstroke in the BHRUP area ranges from 2520 to 2750 hours. It is concluded that the maximum annual temperatures increased during the period, which can cause several socioeconomic problems, and human health.

Geospatial Modeling for Spatial Analysis of Climatic Elements: In search of Climatic Classification Map for Bangladesh

The present study attempts to develop a scientific climatic classification map of Bangladesh using the daily climatic data of rainfall, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and surface wind speed of the Bangladesh Meteorological Department. There are only two climate classification maps (Koppen-Geiger and Rashid) available for Bangladesh. Rashid relies on a single variable to identically represent a climate zones. In Koppen-Geiger map two weather variables namely Rainfall and Temperature were employed. The Geostatistical tool of ArcMap 10.5 was employed to produce a spatial dataset of the climate classes. In the present climatic classification map, there were three major classes of Dry, Temperate and Humid Temperate and seven sub-classes of Extreme Dry, Dry Low Humid, Temperate with Humidity, Moist Temperate, High Humid and Moisture, Humid Temperate and High Wind Temperate identified. Low annual value of the selected variables found in western and north western part of the country where higher values were found for the south and southeastern part of the country. This research will help to understand the climatic zones and spatial pattern of climatic variables. This will also helpful for future climate, climate risk, hydrological and agricultural research of the country. Keywords: Bangladesh; Climate Variables; Geo-Statistics; Climate Classification; Climate Sub-classes

CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA PARA O SUL DO BRASIL UTILIZANDO O SISTEMA DE HOLDRIDGE (1967) / CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION FOR SOUTHERN BRAZIL USING HOLDRIDGE (1967) SYSTEM

O objetivo deste trabalho é classificar o clima da região Sul do Brasil utilizando o sistema de classificação climática por zonas de vidas estabelecido por Holdridge (1967). Foram utilizados um sequenciamento de 30 anos (1989-2019) de dados climáticos para região Sul do Brasil obtidos através da plataforma National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources – (NASA/POWER). A evapotranspiração potencial (ETP) foi estimada utilizando o método definido por Camargo (1971). Através da combinação entre a precipitação anual, biotemperatura média anual, biotemperatura basal média anual, relação da evapotranspiração, delimitou-se as zonas de vidas para o sistema de Holdridge (1967). A temperatura e precipitação apresentaram médias anuais de 18,58 (± 1,57) °C e 1777 (± 239) mm respectivamente. Foram encontradas doze zonas de vidas para a região Sul, sendo as mais predominantes: Floresta subtropical de montana baixa úmida (31,37%), e Floresta subtropical premontana úmida (32,11%).