Fractionation of Java Citronella Oil and Citronellal Purification by Batch Vacuum Fractional Distillation

This study examines the active component of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java citronella) oil, as a green mosquito repellent, obtained through a steam distillation method. Java citronella oil, which contains citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol, was isolated by batch vacuum fractional distillation, and their effect was tested against the dengue fever (DF) vector, known as Aedes aegypti. Furthermore, air freshener gels were formulated with Java citronella oil, carrageenan, gum, sodium benzoate, ethylene glycol, polysorbate 20, sodium chloride, and distilled water, at varying concentrations. The results show that formula I has the best controlled release evaporation for citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol, as well as the best storage time of 16.82 days and 12.77 days for geraniol and citronellol, respectively. The most significant specific gravity (0.0136) was recorded in formula V, while gel formula I exhibited the highest level of instability at 35°C, with a syneresis value of 77.11% in t=72 h and pH 5.33. In addition, formula IV at 5°C demonstrated the highest syneresis (75.34%) in t=72 h, with pH 7.04, while a peak viscosity of 100,958 cP was recorded in formula IV. The repellent activity of each active component was measured based on the period of protection conferred against the bites of Aedes aegypti within one hour, and the results showed geraniol and citronellol, with respective activity of 78.00%±4.83 and 77.34%±3.57, as the most effective.

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Concentration of Grapefruit Essential oil by Fractional Distillation

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-2006-950127 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

Author(s):

HR Monsef-Esfahani ◽

Y Amanzade ◽

R Hajiaghaee ◽

F Mahdavi

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Fractional Distillation

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Renewable Diesel Blendstocks and Biopriviliged Chemicals Distilled from Algal Biocrude Oil Converted via Hydrothermal Liquefaction

10.26434/chemrxiv.9630695 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Wan-Ting (Grace) Chen ◽

Zhenwei Wu ◽

Buchun Si ◽

Yuanhui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Oxidation Stability ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Fractional Distillation ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Steam Temperature ◽

Renewable Diesel ◽

Commodity Chemicals ◽

Biocrude Oil ◽

Specification Analysis

This study aims to produce renewable diesel and biopriviliged chemicals from microalgae that can thrive in wastewater environment. <i>Spirulina</i> (SP) was converted into biocrude oil at 300ºC for a 30-minute reaction time via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Next, fractional distillation was used to separate SP-derived biocrude oil into different distillates. It was found that 62% of the viscous SP-derived biocrude oil can be separated into liquids at about 270ºC (steam temperature of the distillation). Physicochemical characterizations, including density, viscosity, acidity, elemental compositions, higher heating values and chemical compositions, were carried out with the distillates separated from SP-derived biocrude oil. These analyses showed that 15% distillates could be used as renewable diesel because they have similar heating values (43-46 MJ/kg) and carbon numbers (ranging from C8 to C18) to petroleum diesel. The Van Krevelan diagram of the distillates suggests that deoxygenation was effectively achieved by fractional distillation. In addition, GC-MS analysis indicates that some distillates contain biopriviliged chemicals like aromatics, phenols and fatty nitriles that can be used as commodity chemicals. An algal biorefinery roadmap was proposed based on the analyses of different distillates from the SP-derived biocrude oil. Finally, the fuel specification analysis was conducted with the drop-in renewable diesel, which was prepared with 10 vol.% (HTL10) distillates and 90 vol.% petroleum diesel. According to the fuel specification analysis, HTL10 exhibited a qualified lubricity (<520 µm), acidity (<0.3 mg KOH/g) and oxidation stability (>6 hr), as well as a comparable net heat of combustion (1% lower), ash content (29% lower) and viscosity (17% lower) to those of petroleum diesel. Ultimately, it is expected that this study can provide insights for potential application of algal biocrude oil converted via HTL.

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF MICROALGAE CRUDE OIL FOR PURE HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION

10.26678/abcm.encit2018.cit18-0238 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Iago Costa ◽

Wellington Balmant ◽

JOSÉ VIRIATO COELHO VARGAS ◽

Luiz Rigatti ◽

Matias Nicolas Muñoz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Fractional Distillation ◽

Hydrocarbon Production ◽

Pure Hydrocarbon

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Therapeutic Potential of Citronella Essential Oil: A Review

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163815666180718095041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 330-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ruchi Sharma ◽

Rekha Rao ◽

Sunil Kumar ◽

Sheefali Mahant ◽

Sarita Khatkar

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Toxic Encephalopathy ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Insect Repellents ◽

Citronella Oil ◽

Medicinal Value

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, chikunguniya, yellow fever, dengue and Japanese encephalitis are the major cause of remarkable morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans worldwide. Since ancient times, aromatic plants are used for their medicinal value. Essential oils derived from these plants may be used as effective alternatives/adjuvants in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetic, food, veterinary and agriculture applications. These oils have also gained popularity and interest for prevention and treatment of various disorders. However, several reports on adverse effects including skin eruption, contact artricaria or toxic encephalopathy in children are available for synthetic repellent in the literature. Thus, natural insect repellents like essential oils have been explored recently as an alternative. One such essential oil studied widely, is citronella oil, extracted mainly from Cymbopogon nardus. This essential oil has exhibited good efficacy against mosquitoes. It is a mixture of components including citronellal, citronellol, geraniol as major constituents contributing to various activities (antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant antitrypanosomal and wound healing), besides mosquito repellent action. Citronella essential oil is registered in US EPA (Environmental protection agency) as insect repellent due to its high efficacy, low toxicity and customer satisfaction. However, poor stability in the presence of air and high temperature limits its practical applications. Since specific knowledge on properties and chemical composition of oil is fundamental for its effective application, the present review compiles and discusses biological properties of citronella oil. It also sheds light on various formulations and applications of this essential oil.

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Monitoring the Fractional Distillation Purification of Inorganic Hydrides by Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Inorganic Materials ◽

10.1134/s0020168520120158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 1284-1289

Author(s):

Ya. Ya. Ponurovskii ◽

D. B. Stavrovskii ◽

Yu. P. Shapovalov ◽

M. V. Spiridonov ◽

A. S. Kuz’michev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diode Laser ◽

Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Fractional Distillation ◽

Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Laser Absorption ◽

Diode Laser Absorption

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Chemical Recycling of WEEE Plastics—Production of High Purity Monocyclic Aromatic Chemicals

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9030530 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 530

Author(s):

Tobias Rieger ◽

Jessen C. Oey ◽

Volodymyr Palchyk ◽

Alexander Hofmann ◽

Matthias Franke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Purity ◽

Fractional Distillation ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Chemical Recycling ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

X Ray ◽

Benzene Toluene ◽

Halogen Content ◽

Methyl Styrene

More than 200 kg real waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) shredder residues from a German dismantling plant were treated at 650 °C in a demonstration scale thermochemical conversion plant. The focus within this work was the generation, purification, and analysis of pyrolysis oil. Subsequent filtration and fractional distillation were combined to yield basic chemicals in high purity. By means of fractional distillation, pure monocyclic aromatic fractions containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX aromatics) as well as styrene and α-methyl styrene were isolated for chemical recycling. Mass balances were determined, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) measurements provided data on the purity and halogen content of each fraction. This work shows that thermochemical conversion and the subsequent refining by fractional distillation is capable of recycling WEEE shredder residues, producing pure BTEX and other monocyclic aromatic fractions. A significant decrease of halogen content (up to 99%) was achieved with the applied methods.

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