Exploring Inductive Risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Elliott ◽  
Ted Richards
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Value Free Ideal

This concluding chapter provides a roadmap for future studies of inductive risk by drawing attention to three particularly important sets of questions that emerge from Exploring Inductive Risk: (1) the nature of inductive risk, the argument from inductive risk (AIR), and the distinction between the direct and indirect roles for values; (2) the extent to which the AIR can be evaded by defenders of the value-free ideal; and (3) the strategies that the scientific community can employ to handle inductive risk in a responsible fashion. This chapter not only highlights these questions as they emerge in this volume but also shows how they connect with the previous literature on inductive risk.

scholarly journals Monitoring Human Visual Behavior during the Observation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Videos

Drones ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilios Krassanakis ◽  
Matthieu Perreira Da Silva ◽  
Vincent Ricordel
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Experimental Performance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Attention Process ◽  
Visual Reaction

The present article describes an experimental study towards the examination of human visual behavior during the observation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) videos. Experimental performance is based on the collection and the quantitative & qualitative analysis of eye tracking data. The results highlight that UAV flight altitude serves as a dominant specification that affects the visual attention process, while the presence of sky in the video background seems to be the less affecting factor in this procedure. Additionally, the main surrounding environment, the main size of the observed object as well as the main perceived angle between UAV’s flight plain and ground appear to have an equivalent influence in observers’ visual reaction during the exploration of such stimuli. Moreover, the provided heatmap visualizations indicate the most salient locations in the used UAVs videos. All produced data (raw gaze data, fixation and saccade events, and heatmap visualizations) are freely distributed to the scientific community as a new dataset (EyeTrackUAV) that can be served as an objective ground truth in future studies.

scholarly journals Clinical conceptualization of workaholism

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yura Loscalzo ◽  
Marco Giannini
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Low Levels

Workaholism is a behavioral addiction that, while widely studied, is still lacking a definition shared by the scientific community. The aim of this theoretical paper is to propose a new model that is at the same time comprehensive and easy to test, with an approach based on a critical analysis of the literature. We give particular attention to reviews of literature and theoretical and empirical papers published since 2011, because even the most recent reviews do not fully encompass the last few years. We proposed a comprehensive model, which defines workaholism as a clinical condition that is characterized by both externalizing (i.e., addiction) and internalizing (i.e., obsessive-compulsive) symptoms and by low levels of work engagement; from this there arises the distinction between disengaged and engaged workaholics (i.e., a less impairing subtype of workaholism). Finally, we propose DSM-like criteria for workaholism and a research agenda for future studies.

Simulation models and probabilities: a Bayesian defense of the value-free ideal

SIMULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003754972110288
Author(s):  
Alejandro Cassini
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
Complex Simulation ◽  
Epistemic Opacity ◽  
Value Free Ideal

Some philosophers of science have recently argued that the epistemic assessment of complex simulation models, such as climate models, cannot be free of the influence of social values. In their view, the assignment of probabilities to the different hypotheses or predictions that result from simulations presupposes some methodological decisions that rest on value judgments. In this article, I criticize this claim and put forward a Bayesian response to the arguments from inductive risk according to which the influence of social values on the calculation of probabilities is negligible. I conclude that the epistemic opacity of complex simulations, such as climate models, does not preclude the application of Bayesian methods.

scholarly journals Pteropine orthoreovirus: An important emerging virus causing infectious disease in the tropics?

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeh Fong Tan ◽  
Cheong Lieng Teng ◽  
Kaw Bing Chua ◽  
Kenny Voon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Emerging Virus ◽  
The Tropics

Introduction: Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging zoonotic respiratory virus that has spilled over from bats to humans. Though initially found only in bats, further case studies have found viable virus in ill patients. Methodology: PubMed was queried with the keywords of Nelson Bay orthoreovirus OR Pteropine orthoreovirus OR Melaka orthoreovirus OR Kampar orthoreovirus, and returned 17 hits. Results: Based on prevalence studies, the presence of PRV has been reported in Malaysia and Vietnam, both developing countries. Other case reports also provide further evidence of the presence of PRV in the Southeast Asian region. Despite the absence of PRV in their home countries, travellers from Hong Kong and Japan to Indonesia have returned to their countries ill with this virus, indicating that local communities in Indonesia might be affected by this virus. Conclusions: This work aims to bring to light this emerging zoonotic respiratory virus circulating among developing countries in Southeast Asia. To improve the understanding of PRV of the medical and scientific community in the Southeast Asian region, this work introduces the general features of PRV, reports of imported PRV, prevalence, and clinical features of PRV. Gaps in knowledge about PRV have also been identified in this work, and we hope that future studies can be undertaken to improve our understanding of this virus.

scholarly journals A comprehensive review of database resources in chemistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Syed Sauban Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Dissemination Of Research ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Crystallography Open Database ◽  
Citation Databases

As scientific community worldwide is publishing a huge number of research articles in various fields; it is necessary to distinguish between databases that are efficient and objective for literature searches. This review offers information on the important points of the database. None of the databases are complete and perfect, but they complement each other. If a library can only afford one, choice must be based on the priorities of institutional needs. The benefits that databases can provide in the preparation of the literature review for developing future studies and dissemination of research are discussed. This paper provides an overview of the most frequently used free chemistry databases such as PubChem, Crystallography Open Database, PubMed, ZINC, ChemSpider, and Google Scholar. It also gives a brief description of three major commercial databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and SciFinder. Thus, substance and citation databases that covers almost all areas of chemistry, has become an invaluable tool in bibliometric analysis.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of stalked and acorn barnacle adhesive proteomes

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 210142
Author(s):  
Janna N. Schultzhaus ◽  
William Judson Hervey ◽  
Chris R. Taitt ◽  
Chris R. So ◽  
Dagmar H. Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Barnacle Species ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Acorn Barnacle ◽  
Pollicipes Pollicipes

Barnacles interest the scientific community for multiple reasons: their unique evolutionary trajectory, vast diversity and economic impact—as a harvested food source and also as one of the most prolific macroscopic hard biofouling organisms. A common, yet novel, trait among barnacles is adhesion, which has enabled a sessile adult existence and global colonization of the oceans. Barnacle adhesive is primarily composed of proteins, but knowledge of how the adhesive proteome varies across the tree of life is unknown due to a lack of genomic information. Here, we supplement previous mass spectrometry analyses of barnacle adhesive with recently sequenced genomes to compare the adhesive proteomes of Pollicipes pollicipes (Pedunculata) and Amphibalanus amphitrite (Sessilia). Although both species contain the same broad protein categories, we detail differences that exist between these species. The barnacle-unique cement proteins show the greatest difference between species, although these differences are diminished when amino acid composition and glycosylation potential are considered. By performing an in-depth comparison of the adhesive proteomes of these distantly related barnacle species, we show their similarities and provide a roadmap for future studies examining sequence-specific differences to identify the proteins responsible for functional differences across the barnacle tree of life.

Values in Science

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
Values In Science ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
Scientific Responsibility ◽  
The Many ◽  
Value Free Ideal ◽  
The Ideal

After describing the origins and nature of the value-free ideal for science, this chapter details three challenges to the ideal: the descriptive challenge (arising from feminist critiques of science, which led to deeper examinations of social structures in science), the boundary challenge (which questioned whether epistemic values can be distinguished from nonepistemic values), and the normative challenge (which questioned the ideal qua ideal on the basis of inductive risk and scientific responsibility). The chapter then discusses alternative ideals for values in science, including recent arguments regarding epistemic values, arguments distinguishing direct from indirect roles for values, and arguments calling for more attention to getting the values right. Finally, the chapter turns to the many ways in which values influence science and the importance of getting a richer understanding of the place of science within society in order to address the questions about the place of values in science.

scholarly journals Let's Talk about Sex: Integrating Sex as a Biological Variable into Epilepsy Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia D. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Clinical Recommendations ◽  
Biological Variable ◽  
Epilepsy Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women

There is a long history of underrepresentation of women and female animals being studied in scientific research, which has resulted in gaps in knowledge and at times, inaccurate clinical recommendations. There is a gradual shift in the mindset of the scientific community on this issue, in part related to policy changes enacted by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Sex must now be accounted for as a biological variable in both basic and clinical research. This review discusses the history of evolving policies on inclusion of sex-informed data in scientific research, and the ways in which epilepsy researchers can approach future studies in a manner that takes sex as a biological variable into account.

The Risk of Using Inductive Risk to Challenge the Value-Free Ideal

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada de Melo-Martín ◽  
Kristen Intemann
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Risk ◽  
Value Free Ideal

scholarly journals A pragmatic approach for producing theoretical syntheses in ecology

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261173
Author(s):  
Bruno Travassos-Britto ◽  
Renata Pardini ◽  
Charbel N. El-Hani ◽  
Paulo I. Prado
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Theoretical Synthesis ◽  
Neutral Models

It has been proposed that ecological theory develops in a pragmatic way. This implies that ecologists are free to decide what, from the knowledge available to them, they will use to build models and learn about phenomena. Because in fields that develop pragmatically knowledge generation is based on the decisions of individuals and not on a set of predefined axioms, the best way to produce theoretical synthesis in such fields is to assess what individuals are using to support scientific studies. Here, we present an approach for producing theoretical syntheses based on the propositions most frequently used to learn about a defined phenomenon. The approach consists of (i) defining a phenomenon of interest; (ii) defining a collective of scientists studying the phenomenon; (iii) surveying the scientific studies about the phenomenon published by this collective; (iv) identifying the most referred publications used in these studies; (v) identifying how the studies use the most referred publications to give support to their studies and learn about the phenomena; (vi) and from this, identifying general propositions on how the phenomenon is approached, viewed and described by the collective. We implemented the approach in a case study on the phenomenon of ecological succession, defining the collective as the scientists currently studying succession. We identified three propositions that synthesize the views of the defined collective about succession. The theoretical synthesis revealed that there is no clear division between “classical’’ and “contemporary’’ succession models, and that neutral models are being used to explain successional patterns alongside models based on niche assumptions. By implementing the pragmatic approach in a case study, we show that it can be successfully used to produce syntheses based on the actual activity of the scientific community studying the phenomenon. The connection between the resulting synthesis and research activity can be traced back through the methodological steps of the approach. This result can be used to understand how knowledge is being used in a field of study and can guide better informed decisions for future studies.

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