Street Gang Member Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn-Aage Esbensen ◽  
L. Thomas Winfree
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Gang Member ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Street Gang ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Policy Analysts

The socio-demographic characteristics of gang-involved youth are a focal concern of contemporary gang researchers; policy analysts; politicians; and, in many cases, the general public. A broad overview of gang member characteristics is a critical and natural precursor for any policy response to gangs, a task that has historically included widely used socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., race or ethnicity, age, urban or rural residence, gender, and sex) and various forms of illegal and illicit behavior. Similar lists of individual and collective characteristics such as these have shaped public policy responses to youth gangs in the United States, Western Europe, and indeed around the globe. Furthermore, given the attention paid to “illegal” migration trends at the end of the 21st century’s second decade, policymakers, law enforcement officials, and others often tie immigrant status to gang membership, including immigrants’ alleged involvement in violent forms of delinquency. The following image of street gang members emerges: (a) gangs include girls as well as boys; (b) the sex composition of the gang affects the level of delinquency of gang members; (c) gang members reflect the racial or ethnic composition of the community in which they exist; (d) gang members are not disproportionately members of immigrant groups; (e) youth age in and out of gangs during early- to mid-adolescence; and (f) while in the gang, youth commit significantly more crime than their non-gang peers.

Regional differences in gang member identification methods among law enforcement jurisdictions in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-740
Author(s):  
Daniel Scott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gang Member ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Identification Methods

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare gang member identification methods across regions in the United States as reported by law enforcement.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected through surveys with various law enforcement jurisdictions in both urban and rural communities across the United States. Methods of gang member identification were compared across the United States. Region through the use of Ordinal Logistic Regression and Multiple Imputation.FindingsThe results reveal that there are systematic variations in methods of gang member identification across regions in the United States. Specifically, the West is significantly more likely to identify gang members through associations or arrests with known gang members, symbols and self-nomination compared to other regions. The South, Northeast and Midwest regions are significantly more likely to identify gang members through a reliable informant compared to the West.Originality/valueResearch has not compared gang member identification methods across region in the United States or examined how variations in gang member identification methods potentially impact the accuracy of reported gang problems and prevalence.

“Every Czech a Sokol!”: Feminism and Nationalism in the Czech Sokol Movement

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 79-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E. Nolte
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Czech Society ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
Feminist Movements ◽  
Changing Role

TheSokol (Falcon), the Czech gymnastic organization, was a major component in the transformation of Czech nationalism into a mass movement. It was also one of the few organizations to mobilize women for the national cause, and their involvement in the club forms a major chapter in the history of women in Czech society. There are few sources on Czech women's history, in part because historians have tended to focus on the more advanced feminist movements of Western Europe or the United States to the detriment of the smaller nations of Europe's borderlands, where the complex ethnic composition created a special context for the emergence of the “women's question.” In the Czech lands, the rivalry between Czechs and Germans defined the conceptual framework of Czech feminism and lent the national struggle an overriding importance that served both to inspire and to limit the campaign of Czech women for expanded rights and opportunities. This convergence of feminism and nationalism is evident in the changing role of women in the Sokol from the founding of the organization in 1862 until World War I, a time when the Sokol emerged as a leading force in the Czech national movement, and when Czech women began to challenge traditional attitudes and demand equality with men. In manifesting these broader processes, the history of women in the Sokol exemplifies their larger effort to define their role within an evolving national community.

scholarly journals The National Death Index as a Source of Homicide Data: A Methodological Exposition of Promises and Pitfalls for Criminologists

2020 ◽  
pp. 108876792092445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Tostlebe ◽  
David C. Pyrooz ◽  
Richard G. Rogers ◽  
Ryan K. Masters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gang Member ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
National Death Index ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
The Past

Criminologists largely rely on national deidentified data sources to study homicide in the United States. The National Death Index (NDI), a comprehensive and well-established database compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, is an untapped source of homicide data that offers identifiable linkages to other data sources while retaining national coverage. This study’s five aims follow. First, we review the data sources in articles published in Homicide Studies over the past decade. Second, we describe the NDI, including its origins, procedures, and uses. Third, we outline the procedures for linking a police gang intelligence database to the NDI. Fourth, we introduce the St. Louis Gang Member-Linked Mortality Files database, which is composed of 3,120 police-identified male gang members in the St. Louis area linked to NDI records. Finally, we report on preliminary cause-of-death findings. We conclude by outlining the benefits and drawbacks of the NDI as a source of homicide data for criminologists.

scholarly journals Geographic Shifts in Antibacterial Drug Clinical Trial Enrollment: Implications for Generalizability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M Bart ◽  
John J Farley ◽  
Shukal Bala ◽  
Thushi Amini ◽  
Edward Cox
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Enrollment Trends ◽  
Drug Clinical Trial ◽  
Intra Abdominal Infection

Abstract Background As drug development has globalized, trials have increasingly enrolled participants from all parts of the world rather than just the United States and Western Europe. For antibacterial drug trials, understanding enrollment trends and regional differences is important for generalizability considerations. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 42 phase 3 trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration after 2001 for complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (ABSSSI) (n = 29 282 participants). Enrollment numbers, demographics, clinical characteristics, and microbiological data were compared to identify temporal and geographic trends. Results For cUTI, cIAI, and CABP trials, Eastern European enrollment greatly increased over the study period. For ABSSSI trials, North American enrollment increased. Demographic characteristics and regional microbiology among regions were broadly similar with several exceptions. For cIAI trials, Eastern European participants had the lowest proportion of participants with prior antibacterial drug therapy. For ABSSSI trials, North American participants more commonly reported intravenous drug use. Microbiological differences relative to North America included a greater proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae among Asian cIAI isolates (17.8% vs 9.0%, P = .0057), a higher proportion of cephalosporin resistance in South American Enterobacteriaceae cUTI isolates (26.8% vs 15.7%, P = .044), and a lower proportion of Staphylococcus aureus in Eastern European ABSSSI isolates (43.7% vs 61.9%, P < .0001). Conclusions Geographic trends in recruitment for recent antibacterial clinical trials differ by indication. Regional similarities in demographic characteristics and microbiology across regions lessen concerns regarding generalizability due to shifting enrollment trends.

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

Privatizing Public Lands

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collective Ownership ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
Wildlife Refuges ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Privately Owned

In the United States, private ownership of land is not a new idea, yet the federal government retains title to roughly a quarter of the nation's land, including national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges. Managing these properties is expensive and contentious, and few management decisions escape criticism. Some observers, however, argue that such criticism is largely misdirected. The fundamental problem, in their view, is collective ownership and its solution is privatization. A free market, they claim, directs privately owned resources to their most productive uses, and privatizing public lands would create a free market in their services. This timely study critically examines these issues, arguing that there is no sense of "productivity" for which it is true that greater productivity is both desirable and a likely consequence of privatizing public lands or "marketizing" their management. Lehmann's discussion is self-contained, with background chapters on federal lands and management agencies, economics, and ethics, and will interest philosophers as well as public policy analysts.

scholarly journals Associations between Greenspace and Gentrification-Related Sociodemographic and Housing Cost Changes in Major Metropolitan Areas across the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3315
Author(s):  
Leah H. Schinasi ◽  
Helen V. S. Cole ◽  
Jana A. Hirsch ◽  
Ghassan B. Hamra ◽  
Pedro Gullon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Housing Cost ◽  
Census Tract Level ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Meta Analyses

Neighborhood greenspace may attract new residents and lead to sociodemographic or housing cost changes. We estimated relationships between greenspace and gentrification-related changes in the 43 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States (US). We used the US National Land Cover and Brown University Longitudinal Tracts databases, as well as spatial lag models, to estimate census tract-level associations between percentage greenspace (years 1990, 2000) and subsequent changes (1990–2000, 2000–2010) in percentage college-educated, percentage working professional jobs, race/ethnic composition, household income, percentage living in poverty, household rent, and home value. We also investigated effect modification by racial/ethnic composition. We ran models for each MSA and time period and used random-effects meta-analyses to derive summary estimates for each period. Estimates were modest in magnitude and heterogeneous across MSAs. After adjusting for census-tract level population density in 1990, compared to tracts with low percentage greenspace in 1992 (defined as ≤50th percentile of the MSA-specific distribution in 1992), those with high percentage greenspace (defined as >75th percentile of the MSA-specific distribution) experienced higher 1990–2000 increases in percentage of the employed civilian aged 16+ population working professional jobs (β: 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11, 0.26) and in median household income (β: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.31). Adjusted estimates for the 2000–2010 period were near the null. We did not observe evidence of effect modification by race/ethnic composition. We observed evidence of modest associations between greenspace and gentrification trends. Further research is needed to explore reasons for heterogeneity and to quantify health implications.

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