The Impact of Black Women Educational Leaders on Student Achievement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri N. Watson ◽  
Patrice A. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Educational Leadership ◽  
White Women ◽  
School Leaders ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
White Men ◽  
Nel Noddings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Women Educational Leaders

What is the relationship between educational leadership, student achievement, and what we know about Black women? For one, while educational leadership is closely associated with student achievement, school leaders were found to have little, if any, direct effect on student achievement. Black women, on the other hand, are rarely mentioned in regard to student achievement, yet their efficacy is unparalleled. Black women should be listed alongside often-cited theorists, including John Dewey, James MacGregor Burns, Nel Noddings, and the Brazilian educationalist Paulo Freire, as they have made significant contributions to the field of educational leadership. These trailblazers include Frances (Fanny) Jackson Coppin, Sarah J. Smith Tompkins Garnet, Mary Jane Patterson, and Anna Julia Cooper. As Black women and professors of educational leadership, we have an obligation to ourselves, our communities, and the next generation of school leaders to reframe and extend the narratives surrounding educational leadership, student achievement, and Black women. Most research focused on educational leadership and student achievement includes neither the perspectives nor contributions of Black women educational leaders. Extant educational leadership literatures largely chronicle the perspectives of White men and rely on theories established by other White men. Moreover, student achievement is most often attributed to teachers, roles primarily occupied by White women. These correlations negate and further marginalize Black women educational leaders, who, despite the fact they have successfully led schools and are effective instructional leaders, remain untapped resources. Black Feminist Theory provides a framework to explore the lived experiences and contributions of groundbreaking Black women educational leaders. The knowledge gleaned from these “firsts” will proffer invaluable lessons to the field of educational leadership.

Occupational Mobility of Black Women, 1958–1981: The Impact of Post-1964 Antidiscrimination Measures

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Kwasi Fosu
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
White Women ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
White Men ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Significant Measure ◽  
The Impact

This study finds that between 1965 and 1981, black women's occupational mobility rose relative to that of white women and white men by about 20% and 24%, respectively, and that more than half of these gains remain even after controlling for pre-existing trends, cyclical economic conditions, education, and factors potentially influencing the labor supply. No evidence is found to support the null hypothesis that this pattern is explained in significant measure by a decline in the labor supply of black women. The author argues, instead, that the results reflect the effects of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and, by the mid-1970s, affirmative action laws.

Progress Toward Increasing Women’s and Minorities’ Access to Top State Government Jobs?

2021 ◽  
pp. 009102602110565
Author(s):  
Greg Lewis ◽  
Jonathan Boyd ◽  
Rahul Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
State Government ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Good News ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Veteran Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of qualifications and hiring advantages on women’s and minorities’ access to state government jobs, both in managerial and high-salary positions and overall. It also looks at how race and gender differences in representation have changed since 1990 and how they compare with the private sector. All groups, except Latino and Asian men, are more likely than White men to work for state governments, and all groups are more likely to do so than comparable White men. White men remain more likely to be managers and to earn top-decile salaries than comparable White women and people of color. Differences in education, experience, veteran status, and citizenship contribute, in different ways, to each group’s underrepresentation at top levels, but sizable unexplained gaps remain. The good news is that access to top jobs is better in state governments than in the private sector and has improved since 1990.

Abstract MP050: Race and Gender Group Specific Trends in Length of Stay for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–2008

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R Loehr ◽  
Xiaoxi Liu ◽  
C. Baggett ◽  
Cameron Guild ◽  
Erin D Michos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Insurance Type ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Aric Study

Introduction: Since the 1980’s, length of stay (LOS) for acute MI (AMI) has declined in the US. However, little is known about trends in LOS for non-white racial groups and whether change in LOS is related to insurance type or hospital complications. Methods: We determined 22 year trends in LOS for nonfatal (definite or probable) AMI among black and white residents age 35–74 in 4 US communities (N=396,514 in 2008 population) under surveillance in the ARIC Study. Events were randomly sampled and independently validated using a standardized algorithm. All analyses accounted for sampling scheme. We excluded MI events which started after admission (n=1,677), events within 28 days for the same person (n=3,817), hospital transfers (n=571), and those with LOS=0 or LOS >66 (top 0.5% of distribution, N= 144) leaving 22,258 weighted events for analysis. The average annual change in log LOS was modeled using weighted linear regression with year as a quadratic term. All models adjusted for age and secondary models adjusted for insurance type (Medicare, Medicaid, private, or other), and complications during admission (cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, or heart failure). Results: The average age-adjusted LOS from 1987 to 2008 was reduced by 5 days in black men (9.5 to 4.5 days); 4.6 days in white women (9.4 to 4.8 days); 4 days in white men (8.3 to 4.3 days) and 3.6 days in black women (9.0 to 5.4 days). Between 1987 and 2008, the age-adjusted average annual percent change (with 95% CI) in LOS was largest for white men at −4.40 percent per year (−4.91, −3.89) followed by −3.89 percent (−4.52, −3.26) for white women, −3.72 percent (−4.46, −2.89) for black men, and −2.94 percent (−3.92, −1.96) for black women (see Figure). Adjustment for insurance type, and complications did not change the pattern by race and gender. Conclusions: Between 1987 and 2008, LOS for AMI declined significantly and similarly in men and women, blacks and whites. These changes appear independent of differences in insurance type and hospital complications among race-gender groups.

Unapologetic Educational Research: Addressing Anti-Blackness, Racism, and White Supremacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 153270862110604
Author(s):  
Penny A. Pasque ◽  
Lori D. Patton ◽  
Joy Gaston Gayles ◽  
Mark Anthony Gooden ◽  
Malik S. Henfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Educational Research ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Racial Equity ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Sociopolitical Context ◽  
Women Educational Leaders

We explore “ Unapologetic Educational Research: Addressing Anti-Blackness, Racism, and White Supremacy” to engage scholars in thinking about and reflecting on what it means to conduct qualitative research from a standpoint that honors Black lives in the research process while also disrupting racism and white supremacy. First, we unapologetically take up topics including engaging “diversity” in qualitative research, interrogating the etic perspective in the “new” focus on race, using critical perspectives to inform research and practice, examining the racialization of positionality, focusing on Black women educational leaders, and engaging schools and communities. Next, we engage in dialogue with each other to push ourselves—and you/the reader—to think more deeply about the serious and potentially dangerous implications of our research decisions. Given the unprecedented historical present we are all experiencing in our lifetime, we are committed to shifting the landscape of qualitative research as well as using research to shift our sociopolitical context toward racial equity and justice.

Abstract P387: Race and Sex Differences Exist in the Volumes of Visceral Adipose Tissue Associated With Prevalent Hypertension in Middle Age Adults

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M Shay ◽  
Prasenjeet N Motghare ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Cora E Lewis ◽  
J. Greg Terry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
White Men ◽  
True Positive ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Cut Points ◽  
Visceral Adipose

Background: Higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume is associated with greater risk for hypertension (HTN). Although VAT volume and prevalence of HTN vary by sex and race, the differences in VAT volumes associated with identification of individuals with prevalent HTN across these groups is unclear. Objective: To determine VAT volume cut points that maximize true positive, true negative and optimal identification of prevalent HTN and to compare the cut points across sex and race groups. Methods: Data were examined from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a multi-center longitudinal study of the development of cardiovascular risk in black and white men and women ages 18-30 years at baseline. In 2010-11, the Year 25 exam was performed (43-55 years) and VAT volume (cm3) was quantified by computed tomography based on two 5 mm contiguous slices at the level of the 4th-5th lumbar vertebra (n=3,153). HTN was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or anti-hypertension medication use. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify VAT volume cut points associated with true positive, true negative and optimal identification of prevalent HTN. Results: Year 25 prevalence of HTN ranged from 18.2% (white women) to 49.4% (black women); mean VAT volume ranged from 113.5 cm3 (white women) to 172.1 cm3 (white men). White males exhibited the highest VAT volumes (22-36% higher) and black women exhibited the lowest VAT volumes (3-50% lower) associated with true positive, true negative and optimal identification of HTN compared to other race/sex groups (Table 1). VAT volumes associated with HTN among black participants were generally lower than those exhibited for whites. Conclusions: Although the utility of VAT alone to identify HTN cases is modest - likely a result of unaccounted HTN confounders - these findings display the distinct race- and sex-specific differences in VAT volumes associated with prevalent HTN in middle age adults.

Abstract MP32: Race-sex differences in hyperlipidemia awareness, treatment and control in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika M Safford ◽  
Paul Muntner ◽  
Raegan Durant ◽  
Stephen Glasser ◽  
Christopher Gamboa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Risk Categories

Introduction: To identify potential targets for eliminating disparities in cardiovascular disease outcomes, we examined race-sex differences in awareness, treatment and control of hyperlipidemia in the REGARDS cohort. Methods: REGARDS recruited 30,239 blacks and whites aged ≥45 residing in the 48 continental US between 2003-7. Baseline data were collected via telephone interviews followed by in-home visits. We categorized participants into coronary heart disease (CHD) risk groups (CHD or risk equivalent [highest risk]; Framingham Coronary Risk Score [FRS] >20%; FRS 10-20%; FRS <10%) following the 3 rd Adult Treatment Panel. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hyperlipidemia were described across risk categories and race-sex groups. Multivariable models examined associations for hyperlipidemia awareness, treatment and control between race-sex groups compared with white men, adjusting for predisposing, enabling and need factors. Results: There were 11,677 individuals at highest risk, 847 with FRS >20%, 5791 with FRS 10-20%, and 10,900 with FRS<10%; 43% of white men, 29% of white women, 49% of black men and 43% of black women were in the highest risk category. More high risk whites than blacks were aware of their hyperlipidemia but treatment was 10-17% less common and control was 5-49% less common among race-sex groups compared with white men across risk categories. After multivariable adjustment, all race-sex groups relative to white men were significantly less likely to be treated or controlled, with the greatest differences for black women vs. white men (Table). Results were similar when stratified on CHD risk and area-level poverty tertile. Conclusion: Compared to white men at similar CHD risk, fewer white women, black men and especially black women who were aware of their hyperlipidemia were treated and when treated, they were less likely to achieve control, even after adjusting for factors that influence health services utilization.

Parsing out the “Hispanic Effect” in Disaggregated Homicide Trends at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender from 1990 to 2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 108876792093931
Author(s):  
Shytierra Gaston ◽  
CheyOnna Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

This study contributes to homicide research by parsing out the Hispanic Effect and applying an intersectional approach to examining U.S. homicide victimization trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, jointly. Drawing on mortality data, we document and describe total, firearm, and non-firearm homicide victimization rates from 1990 to 2016 for six subgroups: Black women, Black men, Hispanic women, Hispanic men, White women, and White men. The analysis of within- and between-group homicide trends reveals important subgroup-specific patterns that prior studies using aggregate or confounded data have masked. The findings have important research, theory, and policy implications and advocate for an intersectional approach to studying homicide.

scholarly journals A Model for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Educational Leadership: The Case of Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Andreas Dimopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Educational Leadership ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Leadership Effectiveness ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Local Society ◽  
The Impact

Educational leadership has been studied in depth so far worldwide. However, to our knowledge, there is a broad scope for further research in terms of measuring educational leadership effectiveness. Many attempts throw the years were undergone in Greece in order to establish an evaluation process for educational leadership, many reactions raised, continuous changes have occurred and the issue remains timeless. This study aims to introduce a model of assessing the outcomes of educational leadership considering the most important stake holders that affect. These stake holders according to literature review in broader categories are the academic staff, school community, students, local society, and administrative personnel. Educational leader’s effectiveness can be also assessed against their academic and operational duty results such as the implementation of national educational policy, administrative tasks and relative operational outcomes in budgeting, handling and overcoming managerial obstacles, meeting the legislation standards. The purpose of this research is to design a comprehensive, applicable and holistic evaluation model for assessing educational leadership based on the results on the above criteria. For this purpose an extensive relative literature review in educational leadership studies has been conducted in order to explore in depth the most significant recipients that educational leadership influence and affect direct or indirect respectively. The core idea is that the most influenced recipients by educational leadership could be the most appropriate evaluators for the results of it. Thus has been designed a model based on the most significant stake holders who affected by educational leaders, complimented with a questionnaire as evaluation tool, which is structured with particular questions for each broad category of stake holders. In this study a relative literature review, and a draft of a pilot evaluation model in assessing educational leadership presenting, while the ultimate target is in a following study the evaluation model to be implemented in real sample of participants in order to present the impact of educational leadership effectiveness with respect to subordinates of academic, managerial staff and students of an educational organization.It is of a great importance to have an evaluation model for assessing the educational leadership effectiveness for all levels of education such as primary, secondary and higher education. Educational leaders affect many recipients such as students, faculty members, academics and community. Hence, a broader evaluation model should involve assessment criteria from all these stake holders due to the fact that educational leadership has a great direct or indirect influence in several micro and macroeconomic critical results, such as students achievements, learning outcomes, school climate, local society bonds, teachers behaviours, ethics, culture, civilization, and eventually national economy competiveness. A transparent evaluation model of school leaders could provide better understanding of the job left to be done for every educational leader, to recognise competences, to disclose weaknesses in order to work on them, to facilitate criteria for improvement, overcome obstacles and eventually to promote and improve educational efficiency.

scholarly journals Inequalities in Hypertension and Diabetes in Canada: Intersections between Racial Identity, Gender, and Income

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Gagné ◽  
Gerry Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
Using Data

<p>A growing body of research from the United States informed by intersectionality theory indicates that racial identity, gender, and income are often entwined with one another as determinants of health in unexpectedly complex ways. Research of this kind from Canada is scarce, however. Using data pooled from ten cycles (2001- 2013) of the Canadian Community Health Survey, we regressed hypertension (HT) and diabetes (DM) on income in subsamples of Black women (n = 3,506), White women (n = 336,341), Black men (n = 2,806) and White men (n = 271,260). An increase of one decile in income was associated with lower odds of hypertension and diabetes among White men (ORHT = .98, 95% CI (.97, .99); ORDM = .93, 95% CI (.92, .94)) and White women (ORHT = .95, 95% CI (.95, .96); ORDM = .90, 95% CI (.89, .91)). In contrast, an increase of one decile in income was not associated with either health outcome among Black men (ORHT = .99, 95% CI (.92, 1.06); ORDM = .99, 95% CI (.91, 1.08)) and strongly associated with both outcomes among Black women (ORHT = .86, 95% CI (.80, .92); ORDM = .83, 95% CI (.75, .92)). Our findings highlight the complexity of the unequal distribution of hypertension and diabetes, which includes inordinately high risks of both outcomes for poor Black women and an absence of associations between income and both outcomes for Black men in Canada. These results suggest that an intersectionality framework can contribute to uncovering health inequalities in Canada.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis.</em>2017;27(4):371-378; doi:10.18865/ ed.27.4.371. </p>

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