Deterrence and Crisis Bargaining

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Danilovic ◽  
Joe Clare
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Major Data

Several strands of research on deterrence and crisis behavior were developed within different disciplinary, intellectual, and methodological traditions. Although sometimes coexisting as separate subfields, these studies share a common focus on coercive bargaining in international crises. To draw a common thread between two main subfields, strategic studies on deterrence on one hand and general literature on military crises on the other, both similarities and distinctions in their central concepts are delineated. Four general periods (“waves”) are also briefly outlined in the progression of this research area since World War II, each dominated by a distinct paradigmatic tradition. The main attention then turns to arguments about the causal conditions and mechanisms through which deterrence and crisis bargaining succeeds or fails. Since deterrence requires both capable and credible threats to work, divergent explanatory frameworks are discussed for each of these two requirements. Besides theoretical debates, there are also methodological controversies and measurement issues, which are introduced along with the major data collections that have been developed only recently in this area. In conclusion, several research paths are identified and discussed that have great promise for future advancements in the study of conflict and deterrence.

scholarly journals Development of Pharmacy Under the Influence of Occupation Powers in Latvia (1939–1960). Summary of the Doctoral Thesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sabīne Lauze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

In the present doctoral thesis “Development of Pharmacy Under the Influence of Occupation Powers in Latvia (1939–1960)” is described variability, adaptation and development of the pharmaceutical industry during two totalitarian regimes, highlighting as an essential indicators of the situation the changes in the number of the pharmacies and pharmaceutical employees as well as the availability of medicines for the citizens. The chronological boundaries of the doctoral thesis have been chosen based on the consideration to give insight of the pre-war situation and its consequences in the post-war period, however, main attention have been focused on events from 1940 to 1945. The doctoral thesis contents the review of pharmaceutical industry in Latvia shortly before the beginning of World War II, where the influence of the authoritarian regime of Kārlis Ulmanis (1877–1942) and the emigration of the Baltic Germans are discussed in more detail. The following described the influence of the politico-economic on the pharmaceutical industry caused by the occupation forces of both the first USSR and Nazi Germany, with an emphasis on legislation, the activities of the pharmacy regulatory authorities, and the actions of those in positions of responsibility. In the work, there is compiled information from June 14, 1941, from the files of the deported residents of Latvia, and as a result gives a perception into the making of arrests, accusations as well as the future fate of the deported pharmacists, assistants and practitioners. Described the situation in the sphere of pre-war years, Latvian pharmacists going into exile and the activities of the Latvian pharmacist, doctor Hugo Skudiņš (1903–1976) in the Latvian Red Cross Organization in exile conditions in Germany, which focused on improving accessibility to medicines for residents of Latvia between 1954 and 1960.

The Academic Study of Hadith in North America Universities

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Fatma Betül Altıntaş
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Research Area ◽  
World War ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Academic Study

Scholarly interest in Islamic studies has increased over the last decade. The academic study of Islam in North America emerged from Orientalism; after World War II it gave way to area studies and, in the mid-twentieth century, started to be addressed as a separate research area. However, the subfield of Hadith studies remainsneglected. In comparison to its role and the approach at modern academic institutions in the Muslim world, Hadith studies in North American universities seem to have received attention mainly in terms of this body of literature’s authenticity. This paper uses qualitative research methods to provide an overview of the historical and contemporary academic study of this subfield and examine the space allocated to it within the broader Islamic studies curriculum. Examining and analyzing its legacy and current state in the academy will help us clarify the general acceptance of this subfield within those institutions.

Research and Development in European Union Politics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Quadrio Curzio ◽  
Alberto Silvani
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Framework Programme ◽  
European Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
New Framework

The European Union (EU) research policy was founded on the idea of cooperation among countries after the end of World War II, and consequently it has been influenced in increments. But it also has advantages because of its specificity. So the EU becomes not just the simple sum of all the member states’ contributions but something different, based on a variety of scales and actors, including a vision (and sometimes a mission). This is the reason why the research policy should be examined both in its evolution as such and in light of the relevant steps considered crucial for the development. At least three possible approaches are feasible: (a) a sort of vertical reading in historical development; (b) the attention paid to the terminologies used or to the glossary; (c) the focus on keywords and their role in accompanying the choices, in particular the origin and the development of the European Research Area (ERA). The transition from the current Framework Programme Horizon 2020 (H2020) to the new one planned starting from 2021 (Horizon Europe) is a way to integrate the three approaches by analysing the contents in terms of novelties and continuity. The focus on the evolution of the relevance of ERA can be also considered as a way to illuminate the challenges facing European research policy. In fact, the demand for greater collaboration in European research is determined by the increased international competition and the growing role, as a driver, of innovation in society and the economy. This must be reflected in the choices the new Framework Programme must make.

scholarly journals The Role of Mandatory Evacuations as Costly Signals during Interstate Disputes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Nicolas de Zamaróczy ◽  
Upasana Mahanta
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Interstate Disputes ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Costly Signals

AbstractInternational Relations (IR) scholars, particularly those working in the rationalist tradition, argue that costly signalling is one of the main tools that policymakers have to resolve interstate bargaining disputes and, ultimately, to minimize the occurrence of war. Recent rationalist work has greatly advanced our understanding of how costly signalling works in global politics, particularly by unpacking how militarized escalations can signal potential antagonists (e.g. Slantchev 2011). But the current literature is too hasty in dismissing the importance of non-militarized signalling during international crises, particularly for leaders worried about the risk of accidental wars. This paper presents mandatory evacuations (MEs) as a form of non-militarized escalation that states have been increasingly using since World War II to credibly signal their opponents. We illustrate our claims with a case study of China’s preparations for the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, when it ordered a massive evacuation along its northern border as a costly signal towards the Soviets.

Free movement of people and capital and the standard of transnational academic mobility: Principles of governance in the European Research Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regula Julia Leemann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Geographic Mobility ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
European Research Area ◽  
European Research ◽  
World War ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods

The project of establishing a European community since World War II has been further advanced by adding - besides the four freedoms of free movement of goods, persons, services and capital - a fifth freedom – the free circulation of researchers, knowledge and technology – that intends to promote community building at the level of higher education and research and by creating of a European Research Area (ERA). Based on a study of academic careers of postdocs in Switzerland and secondary data, the paper aims to analyse the key governing principles implied in the standard of transnational academic mobility of ‘human capital’ as well as the experiences of individual researchers in coordinating their interests and lives in this context. We refer to the theoretical framework of the economics of conventions and regimes of engagements by Boltanski and Thévenot. We show that the policies, values and norms of the ERA and the standard of geographic mobility are, at their core, based on four conventions – industry, market, project and fame. This arrangement forces researchers to establish themselves as academic self-entrepreneurs in the knowledge market. In consequence, the mobility requirement of the ERA governance regime makes it difficult for individuals to engage in an individual plan, in familiarity and in exploration.

A New Look at the Problem of “Japanese Fascism”

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Macklin Wilson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
International Crises ◽  
The Third ◽  
Comparative Concept ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
New Look

In the decade and a half from 1931 to 1945 Japan confronted a series of domestic and international crises culminating in the national disaster of World War II. Many authors - both Japanese and Western - have portrayed this period in terms of the labeling generalization “fascism”, suggesting that Japan's experience ran parallel to that of such European countries as Italy under Mussolini and Germany during the Third Reich. My object here, after first attempting to explain how and why this interpretation arose, is to take issue with it, but in criticizing the use of the label fascism I do not mean to fall back to the position that what happened was simply sui generis, a somehow “unique” Japanese response to the troublesome developments of the interwar world. Fascism has the virtue of being a comparative concept, and if we throw it out we need to seek other comparative concepts to test as possible replacements.

The Academic Study of Hadith in North America Universities

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Fatma Betül Altıntaş
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Research Area ◽  
World War ◽  
American Universities ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Academic Study

Scholarly interest in Islamic studies has increased over the last decade. The academic study of Islam in North America emerged from Orientalism; after World War II it gave way to area studies and, in the mid-twentieth century, started to be addressed as a separate research area. However, the subfield of Hadith studies remainsneglected. In comparison to its role and the approach at modern academic institutions in the Muslim world, Hadith studies in North American universities seem to have received attention mainly in terms of this body of literature’s authenticity. This paper uses qualitative research methods to provide an overview of the historical and contemporary academic study of this subfield and examine the space allocated to it within the broader Islamic studies curriculum. Examining and analyzing its legacy and current state in the academy will help us clarify the general acceptance of this subfield within those institutions.

scholarly journals LABOR DAILY LIFE OF THE SOVIET ELITE IN LENINGRAD IN THE ERA OF LATE STALINISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
A.A. Amosova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leading Cadres

The article presents the research of the working norms and practices of the Soviet elite in the 1945-1950. The main attention is paid to the political biographies of the chairmen of Leningrad local government (Soviets). The research is based on methods of the oral history and the history of emotions; its source base includes documents from the archives of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Crimea. The studied generation of Leningrad leading cadres came to government positions in the late 1930s, after the repressions of the "Great Terror". The members of the Soviet elite passed the testing of their professional skills during World War II and the Blockade of Leningrad, and directed the forced postwar reconstruction of the national economy. In the late 1940s, they became victims of the so-called “Leningrad affair”.

scholarly journals Forced labor of Jews in the Szydłowiec ghetto during World War II - The nature of the work performed, its dimension and social aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena Bodo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
World War ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
General Government ◽  
Inductive Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich

Purpose of the study: The article contains information on the forced labor performed by Jews for the benefit of Germans during the Second World War. The research area was narrowed down to the area of the Szydłowiec ghetto and its vicinity (the Radom district in the General Government. The text presents the types of work performed by Jews, forms of forcing them to take up forced labor, and their attempts to bypass German restrictions. Methodology: This article is based on a comparative-historical method, the aim of which is to enable the researcher to identify Jews as a separate social group that was used by the Germans for forced labor. The use of this method is aimed at learning about the historical processes and mechanisms of functioning of selected Nazi restrictions in Poland. In addition, prosopographic and inductive methods as well as a method based on the grounded theory will be used. Moreover, due to the nature of the subject of the work, the research conducted in this field also requires the use of oral history. Main Findings: Extremely burdensome, in many aspects, compulsion for Jews was the almost slave labor they performed for the benefit of the Germans. Every Jew had to work at least one day a week for the Third Reich. Jews were used for various types of work, including snow removal from roads. Slave labor for the benefit of the Nazis was one of the causes of the increasing poverty of Jews. Application: The results of the research make a significant contribution to the knowledge of the history of Jews from Szydłowiec. This research not only broadens the knowledge about the history of the functioning of the Jewish community in Szydłowiec during World War II, but also broadens the knowledge about the history of the Holocaust and the mechanisms of crimes. These studies can be used to further analyze the situation of Jews during the German occupation in the territory of the Radom district, or more broadly, in the territory of the General Government. Novelty/Originality of the study: For the first time in this study, many fragments of Jewish diaries from the Memorial Book of Szydłowiec were used (some of the memoirs were published only in Yiddish). The article is the basis for further research on the history of Jews during World War II in the area of the Radom district.

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