2. Joseph Schumpeter’s gales of creative destruction

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-32
Author(s):  
Mark Dodgson ◽  
David Gann
Keyword(s):  
Creative Destruction ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Organizational Processes ◽  
New Models ◽  
Established Firms ◽  
Do So

‘Joseph Schumpeter’s gales of creative destruction’ shows how innovation is creative and beneficial—bringing new industries, wealth, and employment—and also destructive of some established firms, many products and jobs, and the dreams of failed entrepreneurs. Innovation is essential for competitive survival. Most innovations are incremental improvements—providing new models of existing products and services, or adjustments to organizational processes, but most attempts at innovation fail. Organizations rarely innovate alone: they do so in association with others, including suppliers and customers. The various models and theories of innovation are discussed, concluding that understanding the time dimension in innovation is critical. How innovations are consumed and diffused is also considered.

The Oxford Handbook of Media, Technology, and Organization Studies

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Organizational Processes ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
End Products ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Technological Object ◽  
Do So

Humans are woven with technology; since their inception in myth, tools – things ready to hand for use – have been what defines us. Understood prosthetically, they are extensions of our physiological and sensory apparatus. Our most basic relationship with the world is thus a technological one. Rather than simply an array of instrumental equipment that enables the creation of end products, technology sets our skills, our understanding, and our action in relation to each other through the sense of productivity, and it is here that technology and organization are intertwined. This handbook will explore the largely unchartered territory of media, technology, and organization studies, and interrogate their foundational relations, their forms, and their consequences. The arrival of digital media technologies - the organizational powers that move people, data, and things – and their subsequent influence on the styles and forms of organizing highlights the need to survey the very technological materials and objects that enable and shape organization, and those that are enabled and shaped by organizational processes in return. To do so, each chapter focuses on a specific mediating, technological object, such as the Clock, High Heels, the Pen or the Smartphone, asking the question: How does this object or process organize? Rather than being a chapter ‘on’ an object in isolation, the chapters consider how we might think about their resonance in the way we have, and continue to, create organizational form.

More ‘Creative’ Than ‘Destructive’? Synthesizing Schumpeterian and Developmental State Perspectives to Explain Mixed Results in Korea’s Clean Energy Shift

2021 ◽  
pp. 107049652110134
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Thurbon ◽  
Sung-Young Kim ◽  
John A. Mathews ◽  
Hao Tan
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Energy Shift ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Creative Destruction ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Do So

We develop a new way of analysing the state’s strategic role in the clean energy shift. We do so by synthesizing Schumpeterian understandings of ‘creative destruction’ and techno-economic change with cutting-edge developmental state theorizing centred on ‘developmental environmentalism’. Our approach allows us to explain South Korea’s mixed results in the clean energy shift over the 2008–2020 period by focussing on varying degrees of alignment between the state’s ‘creative’ and ‘destructive’ ambitions and capabilities. Following a period of misalignment characterized by a creative emphasis (2008–2015), we have seen growing alignment between the state’s ‘creative’ and ‘destructive’ endeavours (2015–present). On the basis of our analysis, we anticipate that Korea’s hitherto mixed results are likely to give way to more consistent strides towards greening the national economy. Beyond Korea, our fresh analytical approach may be applied to other national contexts, helping to advance broader debates about the state’s strategic role in the clean energy shift.

How Technology-Based Firms from India Deal with Legitimacy Challenges in International Markets

2018 ◽  
pp. 724-744
Author(s):  
S Raghunath ◽  
Jaykumar Padmanabhan
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Developed Markets ◽  
Mission Critical ◽  
Emerging Market Firms ◽  
Established Firms ◽  
Do So

Technology based firms from India, an emerging market, seek legitimacy in international markets in order to get access to mission-critical capabilities and resources for growth. Cooperation with internationally established firms and the resulting legitimacy enables emerging market firms to get access to development activities that they can use to substitute for expensive R&D efforts. Technology-based emerging market multinational enterprises do not possess great brands or technologies. They have agility and flexibility based on working with different technologies and their vendors. Developing interoperability between technologies and products and being able to do so is a distinct set of capabilities that enables them to support foreign expansion. As they enhance their expertise by working with diverse set of customers in different stages of the product life cycle, they develop unique skills in systems integration. Some of these companies have acquired firms in developed markets to strengthen their capabilities in product development and to move up the value chain. The dynamics results in the evolution of emerging market firms.

scholarly journals A User-Centric Mechanism for Sequentially Releasing Graph Datasets under Blowfish Privacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Elie Chicha ◽  
Bechara Al Bouna ◽  
Mohamed Nassar ◽  
Richard Chbeir ◽  
Ramzi A. Haraty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Time ◽  
Differential Privacy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
User Centric ◽  
Correlation Attacks ◽  
Do So

In this article, we present a privacy-preserving technique for user-centric multi-release graphs. Our technique consists of sequentially releasing anonymized versions of these graphs under Blowfish Privacy. To do so, we introduce a graph model that is augmented with a time dimension and sampled at discrete time steps. We show that the direct application of state-of-the-art privacy-preserving Differential Private techniques is weak against background knowledge attacker models. We present different scenarios where randomizing separate releases independently is vulnerable to correlation attacks. Our method is inspired by Differential Privacy (DP) and its extension Blowfish Privacy (BP). To validate it, we show its effectiveness as well as its utility by experimental simulations.

scholarly journals As dificuldades encontradas na implantação do e-social em empresas do município de São Luís do Maranhão

Revista Foco ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Renato Caldas da Silva ◽  
Paulo Roberto Campelo Fonseca e Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
It Infrastructure ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
Organizational Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
New Type ◽  
Recursos Humanos ◽  
Do So

Com a instituição do novo tipo de governo digital por meio do Decreto nº 8373/2014, o Sistema de Escrituração Digital das Obrigações Fiscais, Previdenciárias e Trabalhistas (eSocial), as empresas tiveram que remodelar seus processos organizacionais, bem como sua infraestrutura de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs). Nesse sentido, este artigo parte da seguinte problemática: Quais são as dificuldades na implementação do sistema eSocial pelas empresas do município de São Luís do Maranhão? Este artigo tem como objetivo levantar nas empresas do município de São Luís quais são as dificuldades na implementação do eSocial. Para tanto se utilizou do método de levantamento com aplicação de formulário junto a profissionais de Recursos Humanos de empresas ludovicenses, que no ato da pesquisa estavam a passar pelo processo de implementação do eSocial e manipulam esta ferramenta. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram que 59% das empresas concordam que praticavam atividades em discordância com o prescrito na lei trabalhista e, 46% concordam que possuem dificuldades tanto no registro de eventos periódicos e não periódicos do eSocial. Na dimensão apoio de outras áreas organizacionais ao RH na implantação do eSocial, obteve-se concordância de 58%.  With the introduction of the new type of digital government through Decree 8373/2014, the Digital Bookkeeping System for Tax, Social Security and Labor Obligations (eSocial), companies had to reshape their organizational processes, as well as their IT infrastructure. Information and Communication (ICT). In this sense, this article starts with the following problematic: What are the difficulties in the implementation of the social system by the companies of the state of Maranhão? This article has as objective to raise in the companies of the municipality of São Luís what are the difficulties in the implementation of eSocial. In order to do so, the survey method was used with the application of the Human Resources professionals of the Ludovician companies, who at the time of the research were going through the process of implementing eSocial and manipulating this tool. The results showed that 59% of the companies agree that they practiced activities in disagreement with what was prescribed in the labor law, and 46% agree that they have difficulties both in the registration of periodic and non-periodical eSocial events. In the dimension of support of other organizational areas to the HR in the implantation of eSocial, agreement was obtained of 58%.

scholarly journals Governance in Blockchain Technologies & Social Contract Theories

Ledger ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 134-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wessel Reijers ◽  
Fiachra O'Brolcháin ◽  
Paul Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
New Models ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

This paper is placed in the context of a growing number of social and political critiques of blockchain technologies. We focus on the supposed potential of blockchain technologies to transform political institutions that are central to contemporary human societies, such as money, property rights regimes, and systems of democratic governance. Our aim is to examine the way blockchain technologies canbring about - and justify - new models of governance. To do so, we draw on the philosophical works of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Rawls, analyzing blockchain governance in terms of contrasting social contract theories. We begin by comparing the justifications of blockchain governance offered by members of the blockchain developers’ community with the justifications of governance presented within social contract theories. We then examine the extent to which the model of governance offered by blockchain technologies reflects key governance themes and assumptions located within social contract theories, focusing on the notions of sovereignty, the initial situation, decentralization and distributive justice.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Debates in Dysphagia Management: How Do You Use Evidence-Based Practice in Your Dysphagia Patient Care?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
Jeri A. Logemann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Do So

Evidence-based practice requires astute clinicians to blend our best clinical judgment with the best available external evidence and the patient's own values and expectations. Sometimes, we value one more than another during clinical decision-making, though it is never wise to do so, and sometimes other factors that we are unaware of produce unanticipated clinical outcomes. Sometimes, we feel very strongly about one clinical method or another, and hopefully that belief is founded in evidence. Some beliefs, however, are not founded in evidence. The sound use of evidence is the best way to navigate the debates within our field of practice.

The Persnickety Pervasiveness of Rating Enhancement in Personality Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alicia A. Stachowski ◽  
John T. Kulas
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Psychological Measurement ◽  
Shared Sets ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Original Target ◽  
Target Profile ◽  
Do So ◽  
Normative Influences

Abstract. The current paper explores whether self and observer reports of personality are properly viewed through a contrasting lens (as opposed to a more consonant framework). Specifically, we challenge the assumption that self-reports are more susceptible to certain forms of response bias than are informant reports. We do so by examining whether selves and observers are similarly or differently drawn to socially desirable and/or normative influences in personality assessment. Targets rated their own personalities and recommended another person to also do so along shared sets of items diversely contaminated with socially desirable content. The recommended informant then invited a third individual to additionally make ratings of the original target. Profile correlations, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), and simple patterns of agreement/disagreement consistently converged on a strong normative effect paralleling item desirability, with all three rater types exhibiting a tendency to reject socially undesirable descriptors while also endorsing desirable indicators. These tendencies were, in fact, more prominent for informants than they were for self-raters. In their entirety, our results provide a note of caution regarding the strategy of using non-self informants as a comforting comparative benchmark within psychological measurement applications.

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