Prologue

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Owen Gingerich
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
School Children ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
System P ◽  
Nicolaus Copernicus ◽  
The Way

In or around 1510 Nicolaus Copernicus, one of the sixteen directors of the northernmost Catholic diocese in Poland, invented the solar system. Wait a minute! you say. Wasn’t the sun always in the middle of the planets? But that wasn’t the way everyone else thought about it. Farmers, professors, priests, and school children all assumed the earth was solidly fixed in the middle of the cosmos. Every day the sun and stars revolved around the earth. The sun also moved, more slowly, in a path against the more distant stars so that it was higher in the sky in the summer and much lower in winter....

Measuring the CosmosParallax and the Transit of Venus

Lightspeed ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
John C. H. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
System P

A review of the methods the ancient Greeks used to measure the distances between the Earth and the Sun, and the Earth and the Moon, and the size of the Earth, and the lives of the personalities involved. The remarkable Jeremiah Horrocks. He was the first observer in 1639 of a transit of Venus to use it to deduce the distance from the Earth to the Sun, using the method of parallax, which is simply explained. The story of Halley’s proposal for the first international collaboration to observe a transit in 1671 and of his life. The adventures and misadventures of those who set out around the globe for this and the later transit observations of 1769, including Captain Cook in Tahiti. These produced the first reasonably accurate dimensions for our solar system.

scholarly journals Modern exploration of Galileo's new worlds

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S269) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Torrence V. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Giant Planet ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Galilean Satellites ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

AbstractFour hundred years ago Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens and changed the way we view the cosmos forever. Among his discoveries in January of 1610 were four new ‘stars’, following Jupiter in the sky but changing their positions with respect to the giant planet every night. Galileo showed that these ‘Medicean stars’, as he named them, were moons orbiting Jupiter in the same manner that the Earth and planets revolve about the Sun in the Copernican theory of the solar system. Over the next three centuries these moons, now collectively named the Galilean satellites after their discoverer, remained tiny dots of light in astronomers' telescopes. In the latter portion of the twentieth century Galileo's new worlds became important targets of exploration by robotic spacecraft. This paper reviews the history of this exploration through the discoveries made by the Galileo mission from 1995 to 2003, setting the stage for on-going exploration in the new century.

scholarly journals The Wild Theory of Nicolaus Copernicus

ADALAH ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Nicolaus Copernicus ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Church ◽  
Modern Astronomy

Heliocentrism is one of the controversial theory which was found by Nicolaus Copernicus. This theory described that the Sun is the center of the universe and it was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. This theory is contrary to the principles of the church and the contents of the Bible at that time. Some scientists oppose the formulation of Nicolaus Copernicus because it contradicts the principles of the church. Although he was in good standing with the Church. At this time, Copernicus was praised by many as the Father of Modern Astronomy. Indeed, his description of the universe was purified and improved by later scientists, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. The controversy of the theory that was sparked by him made us aware of the fragility of scientific concepts that have been accepted for a long time. Through research, observation, and mathematics, Copernicus overturned a scientific and church concept that was rooted but was mistaken that the center of the solar system was the earth, an incorrect concept.Keywords: heliocentrism, the principles of the church, controversyAbstrakHeliosentrisme adalah salah satu teori kontroversial yang ditemukan oleh Nicolaus Copernicus. Teori ini menggambarkan bahwa matahari adalah pusat di alam semesta dan ia menentang geosentrisme, yang menempatkan bumi di tengah. Teori ini bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip gereja dan isi Alkitab pada waktu itu. Beberapa ilmuwan menentang perumusan Nicolaus Copernicus karena bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip gereja. Meskipun dia dalam posisi yang baik dengan gereja. Pada saat ini, Copernicus dipuji oleh banyak orang sebagai Bapak Astronomi Modern. Memang, uraiannya tentang alam semesta dimurnikan dan ditingkatkan oleh para ilmuwan kemudian, seperti Galileo, Kepler, dan Newton. Kontroversi teori yang dipicu olehnya membuat kita sadar akan kerapuhan konsep-konsep ilmiah yang telah diterima sejak lama. Melalui penelitian, pengamatan, dan matematika, Copernicus menjungkirbalikkan konsep ilmiah dan gereja yang berakar tetapi keliru bahwa pusat tata surya adalah bumi, sebuah konsep yang salah.Kata kunci: heliosentrisme, prinsip-prinsip gereja, kontroversi

scholarly journals Matahari dalam Perspektif Sains dan Al-Qur'an

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Anisa Nur Afida ◽  
Yuberti Yuberti ◽  
Mukarramah Mustari
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Data Display ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Analysis Technique

Abstract: This study aims to determine the function of the sun in the perspective of science and al-Qur'an . The research method used is qualitative research methods with the type of research library (Library Research). This research applies data analysis technique of Milles and Huberman model, with steps: 1) data reduction; 2) data display; 3) verification. The result of this research is, the theories that science explain related to the function of the sun in accordance with what is also described in the Qur'an. Science explains that the sun as the greatest source of light for the earth can produce its own energy. This is explained in the Qur'an that the sun is described as siraj and dhiya' which means sunlight is sourced from itself, as the center of the solar system is not static but also moves this matter in the Qur'an explained in QS Yāsin verse 38, besides science and the Qur'an also equally explain that the sun can be made as a calculation of time.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fungsi matahari dalam perspektif sains dan al-Qur’an..Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian pustaka (Library Research). Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data model Milles dan Huberman, dengan langkah-langkah: 1) reduksi data; 2) display data; 3) verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu, teori-teori yang sains jelaskan berkaitan dengan fungsi matahari sesuai dengan apa yang juga di jelaskan dalam al-Qur’an. Sains menjelaskan bahwa matahari sebagai sumber energi cahaya terbesar bagi bumi dapat menghasilkan energinya sendiri hal ini dijelaskan dalam al-Qur’an bahwa matahari dideskripsikan sebagai siraj dan dhiya’yang berarti sinar matahari bersumber dari dirinya sendiri, sebagai pusat tata surya matahari tidaklah statis melainkan juga bergerak hal ini dalam al-Qur’an di jelaskan dalam QS Yāsin ayat 38, selain itu sains dan al-Qur’an juga sama-sama menjelaskan bahwa matahari  dapat di jadikan sebagai perhitungan waktu serta petunjuk dari bayang-bayang.

The work of Nicolaus Copernicus

1974 ◽  
Vol 336 (1604) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Circular Model ◽  
Popular View ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Nicolaus Copernicus

It is commonly supposed that Copernicus placed the Sun at the centre of the solar system, letting the planets move around the Sun in simple circles, thereby recovering the theory of Aristarchus of Samos. This popular view is quite wrong, as it will be the purpose of this lecture to show. The six planets known to Copernicus have the eccentricity values given in the following table: planet eccentricity major-axis (in terms of Earth) Mercury 0.2056 0.387 Venus 0.0068 0.723 Earth 0.0167 1.000 Mars 0.0933 1.524 Jupiter 0.0484 5.203 Saturn 0.0558 9.539 The departures from simple circles are particularly serious for Mercury and Mars. If the eccentricity is ignored for these planets it will be found that the predictions of a simple circular model are in very serious disagreement with observation. The errors for Mars in the worst circumstances would be more than 15°, errors so gross as to have been unacceptable to astronomers even 1500 years before Copernicus. Ptolemy, working between A. D. 100 and 150, developed a geocentric theory which reduced the discrepancies by more than an order of magnitude - in the case of Mars, from more than 15° to about 1°. It was this far more sophisticated theory of Ptolemy which Copernicus had to match in his heliocentric theory.

scholarly journals Jupiter’s decisive role in the inner Solar System’s early evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (14) ◽  
pp. 4214-4217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Batygin ◽  
Greg Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Terrestrial Planets ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Mean Motion Resonances ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Orbital Periods ◽  
Gas Drag

The statistics of extrasolar planetary systems indicate that the default mode of planet formation generates planets with orbital periods shorter than 100 days and masses substantially exceeding that of the Earth. When viewed in this context, the Solar System is unusual. Here, we present simulations which show that a popular formation scenario for Jupiter and Saturn, in which Jupiter migrates inward from a > 5 astronomical units (AU) to a ≈ 1.5 AU before reversing direction, can explain the low overall mass of the Solar System’s terrestrial planets, as well as the absence of planets with a < 0.4 AU. Jupiter’s inward migration entrained s ≳ 10−100 km planetesimals into low-order mean motion resonances, shepherding and exciting their orbits. The resulting collisional cascade generated a planetesimal disk that, evolving under gas drag, would have driven any preexisting short-period planets into the Sun. In this scenario, the Solar System’s terrestrial planets formed from gas-starved mass-depleted debris that remained after the primary period of dynamical evolution.

scholarly journals The early history of the earth

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
C. P. Snyman
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products

In view of the principle of actualism the early history of the earth must be explained on the basis of present-day natural phenomena and the basic Laws of Nature. The study of the solar system leads to the conclusion that the planets were formed as by-products when the sun developed from a rotating cloud of cosmic gas and dust. The protoplanets or planetesimals could have accreted as a result of mutual collisions, during which they could have become partly molten so that they could differentiate into a crust, a mantle and a core on the basis of differences in density.

scholarly journals The Origin of Comets

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Refractory Material ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Terrestrial Planets ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Collapsing Cloud

The evolution of the solar system is surveyed, it being presumed that the Sun, Jupiter, and Saturn formed rather quickly and essentially with the composition of the original collapsing cloud of dust and gas. Just as the refractory material of the cloud is considered to have formed into planetesimals, from which the terrestrial planets collected, so is the icy material supposed to have produced comets, or cometesimals, from which Uranus and Neptune (and to some extent Saturn and Jupiter) were built up. The presence of a residual belt of comets beyond the orbit of Neptune is discussed, analysis of possible perturbative effects on P/Halley indicating that the total mass of such a belt at 50 AU from the Sun could not now exceed the mass of the Earth.

Was Galileo Right and the Catholic Church Wrong?

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
Steven L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Way ◽  
The Catholic Church

Galileo is an iconic founder of modern science, but his career and his contributions were far more complex than his reputation. He, too, championed a scientific method, but his thinking differed greatly from Bacon’s and Descartes’. Galileo’s method was based on Archimedes’ combination of experiment, mathematics, and deduction. This method allowed Galileo to claim certain knowledge of reality derived from mathematical accounts of natural phenomena. But he also claimed certain knowledge of reality derived directly from observation, as in his assertion that the Earth moved around the sun. While Galileo’s predictions were sometimes correct, he had no criterion for distinguishing between correct and incorrect inferences or for connecting his mathematical deductive reasoning about phenomena to the way they really were.

scholarly journals CAPTURE OF DARK MATTER BY THE SOLAR SYSTEM: SIMPLE ESTIMATES

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. B. KHRIPLOVICH
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Capture Cross Section ◽  
Dark Matter Particle ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Capture Cross ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Galactic Dark Matter ◽  
Three Body

We consider the capture of galactic dark matter by the solar system, due to the gravitational three-body interaction of the Sun, a planet, and a dark matter particle. Simple estimates are presented for the capture cross-section, as well as for the density and velocity distributions of captured dark matter particles close to the Earth.

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