4. HIV

Surface Protein ◽

Infected Person ◽

Bodily Fluids ◽

Highly Active ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Its transmission is by exchange of bodily fluids. HIV can only enter immune cells with the surface protein gp120. The virus can hide in these cells for many years before it is activated, although it can be transmitted throughout this period. Once activated, the virus begins to replicate, ultimately causing the immune system of the infected person to collapse making them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. ‘HIV’ describes how evolutionary biology has been used to clarify the origins of the epidemic. The rapid mutation rates and recombination that make HIV very hard to treat are also explained. Despite these challenges, a regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART), developed in the mid 1990s, is extraordinarily effective against HIV.

Chronic Cystoisospora belli infection in a Colombian patient living with HIV and poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy

Biomédica ◽

10.7705/biomedica.5932 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (Supl. 1) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

Ana Luz Galván-Díaz ◽

Juan Carlos Alzate ◽

Esteban Villegas ◽

Sofía Giraldo ◽

Jorge Botero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Poor Adherence ◽

Highly Active ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Living With Hiv

Cystoisospora belli is an intestinal Apicomplexan parasite associated with diarrheal illness and disseminated infections in humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals such as those living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An irregular administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients may increase the risk of opportunistic infections like cystoisosporiasis.We describe here a case of C. belli infection in a Colombian HIV patient with chronic gastrointestinal syndrome and poor adherence to HAART. His clinical and parasitological cure was achieved with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Although a reduction in the number of C. belli cases has been observed since the use of HAART, this parasite still has to be considered as a differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in HIV/AIDS patients.Effective interventions enhancing adherence to HAART should be included in HIV patient care programs.

Immune-Based Therapies for the Management of HIV Infection: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Beyond

Journal of Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1106/u537-l0gg-cd0j-qn0q ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 515-532

Author(s):

Aimee F. Ansari ◽

Joseph V. Etzel

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Potential Role ◽

Normal Function ◽

Highly Active ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Improve Patient

The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has had a significant impact on reducing the incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and reducing the overall morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. However, the use of HAART is often associated with adverse effects, significant drug interactions, high cost and the emergence of viral resistance in a significant percentage of treatment recipients. In addition, the clinical efficacy of HAART in terms of viral eradication appears to be limited due to the presence of reservoirs of latent virus within HAART-experienced patients. Because of these and other limitations associated with antiretroviral therapies, new therapeutic strategies are being developed to restore the normal function of the immune system and improve patient outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review some of the more promising investigational immune-based therapies and their potential role in the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection.

Keratoconjunctivitis associated with nevirapine toxicity in HIV pregnant woman

Optometry Reports ◽

10.4081/optometry.2012.e6 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Bety Yañez

Keyword(s):

Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽

Amniotic Membrane Transplantation ◽

Eye Drops ◽

Highly Active ◽

Johnson Syndrome ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Right ◽

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the treatment of choice for human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) patients. Severe side effects of these drugs have been described that produce generalized autoimmune blistering diseases, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN). These complications may seriously compromise the patient’s life or cause disabling consequences such as blindness. We describe a case of 21-year old female HIV patient with a CD4 count of 126 cells/microliter. Ten days post elective caesarean delivery she restarted HAART with nevirapine and developed TEN after approximately two weeks. Nevirapine was discontinued, but despite this, ocular surface disorder persisted. She presented severe bilateral keratoconjunctivitis that was treated with free tear substitutes, moxifloxacyn, and prednisolone acethate eye drops. At 2-month follow up her visual acuity without correction was 20/160 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left. She had bilateral moderate cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis and a central corneal leukoma in the right eye. Early treatment is important and should consist of preservative-free lubricants, and amniotic membrane transplantation to decrease the frequency of severe sequelae such as keratitis and corneal leukomas that will reduce the quality of life for these patients.

Immunological memory and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pathogenesis

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2000.0578 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 355 (1395) ◽

pp. 381-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amitinder Kaur ◽

Michael Rosenzweig ◽

R. Paul Johnson

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽

Immunological Memory ◽

Cell Turnover ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus results in profound perturbations in immunological memory, ultimately resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). W e have used rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model to understand better the effects of AIDS virus infection on immunological memory. Acute infection with SIV resulted in significant deficits in CD4 + helper responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) as well as CMV–specific cytotoxic T–lymphocyte and neutralizing antibody responses. Reactivation of CMV was associated with high levels of SIV replication and suppression of both T–helper and cytotoxic responses to CMV . We have also studied the effects of SIV infection on T–cell turnover in non–human primates. T–cell turnover was evaluated using the nucleoside analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in combination with five–colour flow cytometric analysis. T cells in normal animals turned over at relatively rapid rates, with memory cells turning over more quickly than naive cells. In SIV–infected animals, the labelling and elimination rates of both CD4 + and CD8 + BrdU–labelled cells were increased by two– to threefold compared with normal controls. Further analysis of immunological memory in nonhuman primates should offer the opportunity to extend immunological insights from murine models to the pathogenesis and prevention of AIDS.

A Review on Quinoline Derived Scaffolds as Anti-HIV Agents

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557518666181018163448 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 510-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nisha Chokkar ◽

Sourav Kalra ◽

Monika Chauhan ◽

Raj Kumar

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Fast Rate ◽

Highly Active ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Quinolone Derivative ◽

Anti Hiv Agents ◽

Anti Hiv

After restricting the proliferation of CD4+T cells, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), infection persists at a very fast rate causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This demands the vigorous need of suitable anti-HIV agents, as existing medicines do not provide a complete cure and exhibit drawbacks like toxicities, drug resistance, side-effects, etc. Even the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) failed to combat HIV/AIDS completely. The major breakthrough in anti-HIV discovery was marked with the discovery of raltegravir in 2007, the first integrase (IN) inhibitor. Thereafter, the discovery of elvitegravir, a quinolone derivative emerged as the potent HIV-IN inhibitor. Though many more classes of different drugs that act as anti-HIV have been identified, some of which are under clinical trials, but the recent serious focus is still laid on quinoline and its analogues. In this review, we have covered all the quinoline-based derivatives that inhibit various targets and are potential anti-HIV agents in various phases of the drug discovery.

Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20210344 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 61-80

Author(s):

Manon Chauvin ◽

Delphine Sauce

Keyword(s):

Immune Activation ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Hiv Progression ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv 1

Abstract Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).

Reduction of CD4 count induces opportunistic infections in people living with HIV (PLHIV)

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19151 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 285-291 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rashed Noor ◽

Md. Morsalin ◽

Bidhan Chakraborty

Keyword(s):

Medical Science ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

The Body ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Living With Hiv

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus (member of the retrovirus family) causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), weakens the immune system of the body and hence associates different opportunistic infections. Present study undertook a survey on opportunistic infections. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from both HIV carriers (CD4 count more than 250/mL of blood) and AIDS patients (CD4 count less than 250/mL of blood). Results: Analyses of the data revealed that diarrhoea, pulmonary tuberculosis, gland tuberculosis, skin lesions and fever were the common opportunistic infections. Conclusion: It can be summarized that HIV infected patients having a reduced CD4 count (<250/mL) encounter different opportunistic infections and some of these infections could be continual for long as well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i3.19151 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(3) 2014 p.285-291

Lymph node co-infection of Mycobacterium avium complex and cytomegalovirus in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.4081/idr.2013.e2 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arya Hedjazi ◽

Marzieh Hosseini ◽

Amin Hoseinzadeh

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Lymph Node ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Complex ◽

Lymph Node Involvement ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients are known to have an increased tendency for developing opportunistic infections. However, there are no reports of simultaneous lymph node involvement of cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avium complex in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. We report a 31-year-old man who presented with acute abdominal pain and tenderness and weight loss. He died a few hours after admission. Autopsy studies showed coinfection of cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium avium complex and human immunodeficiency virus. Our case emphasizes the need to be careful in evaluating opportunistic infections in severely immunodepressed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. This case report is the first manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in this patient.

Infectious pseudomonas subglottic stenosis occurring in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100136473 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 70-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Ghufoor ◽

J. Almeyda ◽

G. Mochloulis ◽

P. Q. Montgomery ◽

N. S. Tolley

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Infective Agent

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is emerging as an increasingly common opportunistic infective agent in the immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient (Kielhofner et al., 1992). Improvements in the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to longer life expectancy (Graham et al., 1992), and this has changed the incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in this population (Baron and Hollander, 1993). We present a case of a patient with AIDS who developed a fulminant Pseudomonas aeruginosa stenosing subglottic infection. We are unaware of any previous reports of this particular manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

Visceral Kaposi’s Sarcoma Presenting as Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/438973 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Naomi Hauser ◽

Devon McKenzie ◽

Xavier Fonseca ◽

Jose Orsini

Keyword(s):

Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽

Highly Active ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Initiation Of Therapy ◽

Alternative Sites

Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome- (AIDS-) related Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) has decreased dramatically. While cutaneous KS is the most common and well-known manifestation, knowledge of alternative sites such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is important. GI-KS is particularly dangerous because of its potential for serious complications including perforation, obstruction, or bleeding. We report a rare case of GI-KS presenting as upper GI bleeding in a human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected transgendered individual. Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of therapy are the cornerstones for management of this potentially severe disease.