Supra-anal Organ: a Defensive Mechanism of the Furniture Carpet Beetle, Anthrenus flavipes (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)1

1978 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 718-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ma ◽  
Wendell E. Burkholder ◽  
Stanley D. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Mechanism ◽  
Anal Organ

Involvement of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 2283-2302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian B. Neis ◽  
Priscila B. Rosa ◽  
Morgana Moretti ◽  
Ana Lucia S. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Defensive Mechanism

Heme oxygenase (HO) family catalyzes the conversion of heme into free iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. It possesses two well-characterized isoforms: HO-1 and HO-2. Under brain physiological conditions, the expression of HO-2 is constitutive, abundant and ubiquitous, whereas HO-1 mRNA and protein are restricted to small populations of neurons and neuroglia. HO-1 is an inducible enzyme that has been shown to participate as an essential defensive mechanism for neurons exposed to oxidant challenges, being related to antioxidant defenses in certain neuropathological conditions. Considering that neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) and neuropsychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, Bipolar Disorder (BD) and schizophrenia) are associated with increased inflammatory markers, impaired redox homeostasis and oxidative stress, conditions that may be associated with alterations in HO-levels/activity, the purpose of this review is to present evidence on the possible role of HO-1 in these Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. In addition, the possible therapeutic potential of targeting brain HO-1 is explored in this review.

The Relation of Scent-Marking, Olfactory Investigation, and Specific Postures in the Isolation-Induced Fighting of Rats

Behaviour ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Scent Marking ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Threat Behavior ◽  
Typical Sequence ◽  
Strange Male ◽  
Familiar Environment ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Temporal Sequences ◽  
Defensive Mechanism

AbstractThe temporal sequences of acts and postures of rats during tests for isolation-induced fighting were recorded and analyzed. Scent-marking and olfactory investigation, which have been related to fighting by previous studies, were particularly emphasized. From the data a model was constructed for the sequence of behaviors which lead to and maintain isolation-induced fighting. The typical sequence begins with olfactory investigation and scent-marking; the home rat initially investigates the intruder, and the intruder initially investigates the cage. The combination of olfactory perception of a strange male and a familiar environment, it was suggested, serves to trigger an offensive mechanism in the home rat which leads to bite-and-kick attack and offensive sideways posture. The pain of the attack then triggers defensive mechanism in the intruder rat which leads to defensive upright posture and submissive posture. Whereas the functional role of the bite-and-kick attack appears to be simply the infliction of pain and elicitation of defense in the intruder, the function of offensive sideways posture as a threat behavior may be more complex. It is possible that it becomes a conditioned pain stimulus due to its close temporal pairing with bite-and-kick attack, but it is more likely that it produces defense by a process of sensitization. In any case, following the initial attack, the offensive sideways posture continues to elicit defensive behavior by the intruder even when there are no further attacks. The functional roles of the defensive postures were interpreted as positioning the intruder in such a way that the home rat cannot assume the aggressive posture from which attack is launched. Scent-marking behavior was consistent within strains, within individuals, and across different types of measures (accumulation of scent-marking marking material and performance of the stereotyped scent-marking act, crawl-over-dish). Amount of scent-marking was not correlated with attack, however, and its role in isolation-induced fighting remains unclear. In parallel to findings in other rodents, it was observed that scent-marking was diminished in animals after they had been subjected to attack.

Postautotomy tail movement differs between colour morphs of the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banan W. Otaibi ◽  
Quincey K. Johnson ◽  
Bradley J. Cosentino
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Plethodon Cinereus ◽  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Tail Autotomy ◽  
Tail Movement ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
Defensive Mechanism

Striped and unstriped colour morphs of the eastern red-backed salamander,Plethodon cinereus, vary in their pre-attack behavioural response to predators, but it is unknown whether the morphs vary in post-attack strategies. Both morphs employ tail autotomy, a post-attack defensive mechanism enabling an individual to release a portion of their tail to facilitate escape from predation. Postautotomy tail movement diverts attention of a predator away from the individual’s body, so natural selection should favor vigorous tail movement in both colour morphs ofP. cinereus. We compared the degree of postautotomy tail movement between morphs following simulated predation. Striped individuals exhibited substantially longer and faster tail movement than unstriped individuals. Divergence in postautotomy tail movement may be a direct evolved response to variable predation pressure between colour morphs. Alternatively, tail movement may be constrained in the unstriped morph due to a genetic correlation with colouration (e.g., pleiotropy).

scholarly journals Conservation and directed utilization of forest genetic resources

2007 ◽  
pp. 7-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic ◽  
Jelena Milovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Forest Genetic ◽  
Forest Genetic Resources ◽  
Defensive Mechanism

Forest genetic resources represent the genetic diversity contained in the thousands of species of forest trees on the earth. their conservation is a set of activities and strategies, which are performed in the aim of ensuring the continued existence, evolution and availability of these resources for the present and future generations. the aim of genetic resource management is the enhancement of conditions for the continual evolution of the species which is the defensive mechanism of the organisms in the struggle with environmental changes.

scholarly journals The genital and anal papillae of Compsura heterura (Characidae: Cheirodontinae): morphological structure and possible role in insemination

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Queiroz Lezama ◽  
Luiz R. Malabarba
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Genital Papilla ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Anal Papillae ◽  
Anal Organ ◽  
Tubular Shape ◽  
Female Genital

ABSTRACT The function of the genital and anal papillae for insemination in Compsura heterura is discussed based on the description of their morphologies at different stages of the life cycle and during copulation and spawning. In males and females both the genital and anal papillae are involved in copulation in C. heterura. A pre-anal organ, anterior to the anus and stretched posteriorly, is present in adult males. The openings of the urinary channel and oviduct are separate in females. During copulation, there is an approximation between the female genital and anal papillae which become temporarily juxtaposed, forming a chamber enclosing the opening of the oviduct, which may also function in sperm capture. During spawning, the lateral edges of the female genital papilla are projected anteriorly, acquiring a tubular shape for oviposition.

scholarly journals The need for accessibility to chloride to solubilize insoluble salts may underlie some cases of hypertension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lipeng Liao ◽  
Tao Gan ◽  
Yuhan Lin ◽  
Chanyuk Lam David ◽  
Jess Lan Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Increase Blood Pressure ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Defensive Mechanism

Hypertension is the greatest risk factor for stroke. It is the most common comorbidity of COVID-19, and may be partly caused by the widespread distribution of insoluble and stiff calcium salts such as calcium oxalate. As an intrinsic defensive mechanism, tissues in hypertensive individuals increase blood pressure to pump NaCl to inaccessible parts of the body, and chloride, as a strong anion can solubilize insoluble and rigid salts which are stressful to cells.

STUDY OF WOUND HEALING IN RATS TREATED WITH SKIN OF POISONOUS FROG, ODORRANA HOSII

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Amirah Md Sungif ◽  
Ramlah Zainudin ◽  
Dayangku Norlida Awang Ojep ◽  
Ahmad Hata Rasit
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Skin Secretion ◽  
Rat Skin ◽  
Wound Area ◽  
Biological Dressing ◽  
Defensive Mechanism ◽  
Potential Use

A grafting techniques or using various synthetic and biological dressing also widely used to protect the wound area. There are 8 peptides with differential antimicrobial activities contained in Odorrana hosii’s skin secretion. However, to our best knowledge no study has been scientifically conducted to reveal the value off this species on wound healing. Primarily, the aim of this study was to look at the potential use of O. hosii’s skin as a biological dressing in wound healing management. This study assessed the wound healing in rat compared between wound grafted with O. hosii’s skin and wound treated with normal saline dressing. Histological examination was done to assess the wound healing activities after 14 days. The result shown, both wounds which were treated with O. hosii’s skin and untreated wound heal completely on day 14 as the epidermis and dermis completely close. Histologically, the percentage of neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts, were reduced on day 14. However, wounded skin, which was treated with O. hosii’s skin, had better healing quality as more new tissues and hair follicle regrowth compared with the untreated wound. It is suggested that poison gland in the O. hosii’s skin did not harm the wounded rat skin, instead, poison that act as defensive mechanism can help the species to fight the pathogen on the wound.

scholarly journals Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizoctonia solani Differentially Elicit Systemic Transcriptional Expression of Polyphenol Biosynthetic Pathways Genes in Sunflower

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younes Rashad ◽  
Dalia Aseel ◽  
Saad Hammad ◽  
Amr Elkelish
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Defensive Mechanism ◽  
Dual Treatment

Plant roots are exposed to penetration by different biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi. However, plant immune responses vary, depending on the root-penetrating fungus. Using qRT-PCR, changes over time in the systemic transcriptional expression of the polyphenol biosynthesis-related genes were investigated in sunflower plants in response to colonization with Rhizophagus irregularis and/or infection with Rhizoctonia solani. The results demonstrated that both fungi systemically induced the transcriptional expression of most of the addressed genes at varying degrees. However, the inducing effect differed according to the treatment type, plant organ, targeted gene, and time stage. The inducing effect of R. irregularis was more prevalent than R. solani in the early stages. In general, the dual treatment showed a superior inducing effect over the single treatments at most of the time. The hierarchical clustering analysis showed that cinnamate-4-hydroxylase was the master expressed gene along the studied time period. The cell wall lignification was the main plant-defensive-mechanism induced. In addition, accumulations of chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were also triggered. Moreover, colonization with R. irregularis improved the plant growth and reduced the disease severity. We can conclude that the proactive, rather than curative, colonization with R. irregularis is of great importance, owing to their protective and growth-promoting roles, even if no infection occurred.

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