scholarly journals Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizoctonia solani Differentially Elicit Systemic Transcriptional Expression of Polyphenol Biosynthetic Pathways Genes in Sunflower

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younes Rashad ◽  
Dalia Aseel ◽  
Saad Hammad ◽  
Amr Elkelish
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Defensive Mechanism ◽  
Dual Treatment

Plant roots are exposed to penetration by different biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi. However, plant immune responses vary, depending on the root-penetrating fungus. Using qRT-PCR, changes over time in the systemic transcriptional expression of the polyphenol biosynthesis-related genes were investigated in sunflower plants in response to colonization with Rhizophagus irregularis and/or infection with Rhizoctonia solani. The results demonstrated that both fungi systemically induced the transcriptional expression of most of the addressed genes at varying degrees. However, the inducing effect differed according to the treatment type, plant organ, targeted gene, and time stage. The inducing effect of R. irregularis was more prevalent than R. solani in the early stages. In general, the dual treatment showed a superior inducing effect over the single treatments at most of the time. The hierarchical clustering analysis showed that cinnamate-4-hydroxylase was the master expressed gene along the studied time period. The cell wall lignification was the main plant-defensive-mechanism induced. In addition, accumulations of chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were also triggered. Moreover, colonization with R. irregularis improved the plant growth and reduced the disease severity. We can conclude that the proactive, rather than curative, colonization with R. irregularis is of great importance, owing to their protective and growth-promoting roles, even if no infection occurred.

scholarly journals Is Call Karma Real? Resident After-Hours On-Call Imaging at the University of Saskatchewan: An Assessment of Call Volumes Including Inter-Resident Variability

2021 ◽  
pp. 084653712110263
Author(s):  
James Huynh ◽  
David Horne ◽  
Rhonda Bryce ◽  
David A Leswick
Keyword(s):  
Mean Shift ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
After Hours ◽  
Disproportionate Number ◽  
The University ◽  
Changes Over Time

Purpose: Quantify resident caseload during call and determine if there are consistent differences in call volumes for individuals or resident subgroups. Methods: Accession codes for after-hours computed tomography (CT) cases dictated by residents between July 1, 2012 and January 9, 2017 were reviewed. Case volumes by patient visits and body regions scanned were determined and categorized according to time period, year, and individual resident. Mean shift Relative Value Units (RVUs) were calculated by year. Descriptive statistics, linear mixed modeling, and linear regression determined mean values, differences between residents, associations between independent variables and outcomes, and changes over time. Consistent differences between residents were assessed as a measure of good or bad luck / karma on call. Results: During this time there were 23,032 patients and 30,766 anatomic regions scanned during 1,652 call shifts among 32 residents. Over the whole period, there were on average 10.6 patients and 14.3 body regions scanned on weekday shifts and 22.3 patients and 29.4 body regions scanned during weekend shifts. Annually, the mean number of patients, body regions, and RVUs scanned per shift increased by an average of 0.2 (1%), 0.4 (2%), and 1.2 (5%) (all p < 0.05) respectively in regression models. There was variability in call experiences, but only 1 resident had a disproportionate number of higher volume calls and fewer lower volume shifts than expected. Conclusions: Annual increases in scan volumes were modest. Although residents’ experiences varied, little of this was attributable to consistent personal differences, including luck or call karma.

scholarly journals Global trends toward urban street-network sprawl

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1941-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Barrington-Leigh ◽  
Adam Millard-Ball
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Street Network ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Changes Over Time

We present a global time series of street-network sprawl—that is, sprawl as measured through the local connectivity of the street network. Using high-resolution data from OpenStreetMap and a satellite-derived time series of urbanization, we compute and validate changes over time in multidimensional street connectivity measures based on graph-theoretic and geographic concepts. We report on global, national, and city-level trends since 1975 in the street-network disconnectedness index (SNDi), based on every mapped node and edge in the world. Streets in new developments in 90% of the 134 most populous countries have become less connected since 1975, while just 29% show an improving trend since 2000. The same period saw a near doubling in the relative frequency of a street-network type characterized by high circuity, typical of gated communities. We identify persistence in street-network sprawl, indicative of path-dependent processes. Specifically, cities and countries with low connectivity in recent years also had relatively low preexisting connectivity in our earliest time period. We discuss implications for policy intervention in road building in new and expanding cities as a top priority for sustainable urban development.

scholarly journals Growth and Income Inequality: A Comparative Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Ogus Binatli
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time

This paper investigates whether the relationship between income inequality and growth changes over time. Two time periods, covering 1970–1985 and 1985–1999, are analyzed and compared. A statistically significant relationship between inequality and growth in either time period fails to emerge. However, there are indications that effect of inequality on growth may be different in the nineties when compared to the seventies. In the literature, a consistent negative effect of inequality on growth is documented although the significance of the effect is open to debate. This paper also finds a negative effect of income inequality on growth in the seventies but, although statistically insignificant, a consistently positive effect in the nineties.

scholarly journals Wakaf Masjid Secara Bertempoh di Singapura Menurut Perspektif Syariah

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Adib Termizi Ahmad Al Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Masjids symbolise purity with which it is a requirement for a mosque to be free from being owned by anyone and the sole beneficiary is for Allah the Al Mighty. However, Singapore’s needs for land and space to ensure its growth and progress as well as maintaining economy that changes over time made every mosque in Singapore to undergo a change in the lease period or dependant on the legal notice that allows the government to takeover control of the mosque at any point in time. These two issues clearly trespass the basis of beneficiary (wakaf) in Islam in which it is stated that properties that are classified as wakaf, have to be sustainable and are not bound to any conditions. As such, this paper is written to discuss on how a building, that is limited to a specific time period, can be regarded as a mosque, according to the views by scholars of Islamic law. A descriptive and inductive approach is being used in this research’s methodology to gather the scholar’s opinions, as well as their arguments. Analytical and critical approach is used to discuss their views and their arguments to find the opinion that is the closest match with the truth and suffice the needs of the Muslim community in Singapore and their interests. The result of this research shows that there is no consensus among the Islamic jurists that mosques must be built on land that is on wakaf property, which therefore validate the status of mosques in Singapore. This is achieved by using the opinions of scholars that allow mosques to be built on land that is on lease or rent as well as opinions of scholars that allow the use of mats or carpet to be used as a mosque. Keywords: Wakaf, mosque, Islamic law, wakaf property Abstrak Masjid adalah sebuah bangunan yang mempunyai kesucian, sehingga mana disyaratkan bagi sesebuah masjid hendaklah ia terlepas dari hak milik sesiapa dengan di wakafkannya hanya untuk Allah Taala. Akan tetapi keperluan Singapura terhadap tempat dan tanah untuk memastikan ia terus membangun dan maju serta dapat melaksanakan dasar ekonomi yang berasaskan perubahan dari masa ke semasa menjadikan setiap masjid yang berada di dalam pulau ini dihadkan dengan waktu atau tergantung dengan undang-undang yang membolehkan kerajaan mengambil alih masjid tersebut pada bila-bila masa. Kedua-dua pekara itu dengan jelas melanggar asas hukum wakaf yang mensyaratkan agar mana wakaf itu mestilah berkekalan dan tiada tergantung dengan sebarang syarat. Oleh yang demikian kertas kerja ini bertujuan membincangkan sejauh manakah sesebuah bangunan yang terhad dengan waktu tertentu, harus dianggap sebagai masjid pada pandangan fiqh Islami. Pendekatan deskriptif dan induktif telah diguna pakai dalam metodologi kajian ini untuk mengumpul pendapat ulama’, serta hujah-hujah mereka. Manakala pendekatan analitikal dan kritikal pula digunakan bagi membincangkan pandangan para ulama’ serta hujah-hujah mereka untuk mencari pendapat yang paling dekat dengan kebenaran serta menjaga kepentingan dan maslahat masyarakat Islam Singapura. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tiada kesepakatan di antara fuqaha bahawa masjid itu mesti didirikan di atas tanah yang diwakafkan, yang mana ini menjadikan masjid di Singapura sah dianggap sebagai masjid dengan menggunakan pendapat yang mengharuskan ia dibina di atas tanah yang disewa di samping pendapat yang mengharuskan hamparan atau tikar dijadikan sebagai masjid. Kata Kunci: Wakaf, tanah wakaf, masjid, Undang-undang Islam

scholarly journals Trends in Delirium Rate Across 14 Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 733-734
Author(s):  
Ariba Khan ◽  
Asma Sabih ◽  
Alexander Schwank ◽  
Marianne Klumph ◽  
Michael Malone
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Hospitalized Older Adults ◽  
Changes Over Time

Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, strategies to prevent delirium in the hospital were limited due to restrictions in staff and visitor policies. Thus, we suspected the delirium rate may increase during the pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the trends in delirium rate over past 2-years and compare this trend prior-to-and-during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospitalized older adults. Data was retrospectively obtained from the Acute-Care-for-Elders Tracker snapshot, an electronic health record tool to identify the presence of delirium within 48hrs of hospitalization for patients ≥65 years. Periods of interests were 3/2019-6/2019 (pre-COVID) and 3/2020-6/2020 (during-COVID). A weighted rate was calculated for each month by combining data from all hospitals for the total number of inpatients ≥65 years. The overall trend in the delirium rate was assessed with simple linear regression models and an ANCOVA. A χ2 and a Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank-Test were utilized to test for differences in the overall delirium rate between two time periods. Overall median delirium rate was 6.8% in 70,562 encounters of 42,878 patients (mean age= 78 years; mean length-of-stay= 6.5 days). The median delirium rate increased by 2.1% (6.6%to8.6%), for pre-COVID vs. during-COVID, respectively (Z=-3.044,p&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences between actual and projected weighted delirium rates (p=0.18). However, the weighted delirium rate—for both the actual and projected trend lines—demonstrated significant changes over time (p&lt;0.001).The trend in delirium rate increased over the study time period regardless of the pandemic. Further analyses with longer time-frame are crucial to understand the consequences of the pandemic on delirium rate.

An integrated approach to managing Rhizoctonia solani on maize in marginal soils: field studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 373-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bongani Petros Kubheka ◽  
Mark Delmege Laing ◽  
Kwasi Sackey Yobo
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Marginal Soils ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Maize Yields ◽  
Growth Promoting

A study was conducted over two seasons in a marginal soil with an acid saturation of 54%. A plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, Bacillus megaterium, a commercial biocontrol agent, Trichoderma harzianum Strain kd (Eco-T®), and soluble potassium silicate were used in this study. The objective was to control maize yield reduction caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG2 root rot isolated from infected maize. R. solani reduced maize yields significantly by 34% in the first season. However, the losses decreased in the second season from 34% to 10%. In the first season, combination of T. harzianum, B. megaterium and potassium silicate increased maize yields by 130%. The highest yield in the presence of R. solani was treatments with T. harzianum (216%) followed by T. harzianum plus potassium silicate (214%) and lastly T. harzianum plus B. megaterium (178%). However, in the second season, T. harzianum plus potassium silicate treatment resulted in the highest yields.

scholarly journals Reactive Oxygen Species Play a Role in the Infection of the Necrotrophic Fungi, Rhizoctonia solani in Wheat

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e0152548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda C. Foley ◽  
Brendan N. Kidd ◽  
James K. Hane ◽  
Jonathan P. Anderson ◽  
Karam B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Necrotrophic Fungi

scholarly journals Rhizobacterial Volatiles Affect the Growth of Fungi and Arabidopsis thaliana

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (17) ◽  
pp. 5639-5641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Vespermann ◽  
Marco Kai ◽  
Birgit Piechulla
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
Bacterial Volatiles

ABSTRACT Volatiles of Stenotrophomonas, Serratia, and Bacillus species inhibited mycelial growth of many fungi and Arabidopsis thaliana (40 to 98%), and volatiles of Pseudomonas species and Burkholderia cepacia retarded the growth to lesser extents. Aspergillus niger and Fusarium species were resistant, and B. cepacia and Staphylococcus epidermidis promoted the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and A. thaliana. Bacterial volatiles provide a new source of compounds with antibiotic and growth-promoting features.

The pattern of evolution in Pleistocene human brain size

Paleobiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hee Lee ◽  
Milford H. Wolpoff
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
New Method ◽  
Cranial Capacity ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

With a sample of 94 Pleistocene cranial capacities between the time period of 1.8 Ma and 50 Ka now known, we consider the evolution of cranial capacity in Homo, with the null hypothesis that the changes over time are a result of one process. We employ a new method that uses a resampling approach to address the limitations imposed on the methods of previous studies. To test the null hypothesis, we examine the distribution of changes in adjacent temporal samples and ask whether there are differences between earlier and later samples. Our analyses do not reject the hypothesis of a single process of brain size change, but they are incompatible with an interpretation of punctuated equilibrium during this period. The results of this paper are difficult to reconcile with the case for cladogenesis in the Homo lineage during the Pleistocene.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document