scholarly journals Portion size has sustained effects over 5 days in preschool children: a randomized trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1361-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa D Smethers ◽  
Liane S Roe ◽  
Christine E Sanchez ◽  
Faris M Zuraikat ◽  
Kathleen L Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Regulatory Systems

ABSTRACT Background Although short-term studies have found that serving larger portions of food increases intake in preschool children, it is unknown whether this portion size effect persists over a longer period or whether energy intake is moderated through self-regulation. Objectives We tested whether the portion size effect is sustained in preschool children across 5 consecutive days, a period thought to be sufficient for regulatory systems to respond to the overconsumption of energy. Methods With the use of a crossover design, over 2 periods we served the same 5 daily menus to 46 children aged 3–5 y in their childcare centers. In 1 period, all foods and milk were served in baseline portions, and in the other period, all portions were increased by 50%. The served items were weighed to determine intake. Results Increasing the portion size of all foods and milk by 50% increased daily consumption: weighed intake increased by a mean ± SEM of 143 ± 21 g/d (16%) and energy intake increased by 167 ± 22 kcal/d (18%; both P < 0.0001). The trajectories of intake by weight and energy across the 5-day period were linear and the slopes did not differ between portion conditions (both P > 0.13), indicating that there were sustained increases in intake from larger portions without compensatory changes over time. Children differed in their response to increased portions: those with higher weight status, lower ratings for satiety responsiveness, or higher ratings for food responsiveness had greater increases in intake from larger portions (all P < 0.03). Conclusions This demonstration that preschool children failed to adjust their intake during prolonged exposure to larger portions challenges the suggestion that their self-regulatory behavior is sufficient to counter perturbations in energy intake. Furthermore, overconsumption from large portions may play a role in the development of overweight and obesity, as the magnitude of the effect was greater in children of higher weight status. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02963987.

scholarly journals Systematic review of the impact of nutrition claims related to fat, sugar and energy content on food choices and energy intake

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura H. Oostenbach ◽  
Esther Slits ◽  
Ella Robinson ◽  
Gary Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Product Packaging ◽  
Nutrition Claims ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background As part of efforts to address high levels of overweight and obesity, the provision of nutrition information (e.g., through nutrition labels and nutrition claims) on food packages has increasingly become an important policy option. This study aimed to assess the influence of nutrition claims relating to fat, sugar, and energy content on product packaging on several aspects of food choices to understand how they contribute to the prevention of overweight and obesity. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted using the online databases EBSCOhost Global Health, EBSCOhost Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PsycINFO and Embase. Studies were included if they measured the influence of nutrition claims relating to fat, sugar, and energy content on outcomes related to body weight, and were published between January 2003 and April 2018. Results Eleven studies were included in the review. Results showed that nutrition claims can influence the knowledge of consumers with respect to perceived healthfulness of products, as well as expected and experienced tastiness of food products – making food products with nutrition claims seem healthier and less tasty. Nutrition claims can make the appropriate portion size appear to be larger and lead to an underestimation of the energy content of food products. Nutrition claims can also influence food purchase intentions, moderated by the perceived healthfulness of the relevant food products and the health consciousness of individuals. Nutrition claims were also found to have an impact on food purchases, to influence ‘consumption guilt’ (i.e., feeling of guilt associated with eating), and to increase consumption, moderated by the weight status of individuals. These influences were shown to vary depending on the type of claim and food carrying the claim. Conclusions There is evidence that, while nutrition claims may lead some consumers to improve their nutrition knowledge and select healthier options, it may also lead consumers to increase food consumption and overall energy intake. This may run counter to efforts to address overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Predictors of Post-Exercise Energy Intake in Adolescents Ranging in Weight Status from Overweight to Severe Obesity

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Nicole Fearnbach ◽  
Amanda E. Staiano ◽  
Neil M. Johannsen ◽  
Daniel S. Hsia ◽  
Robbie A. Beyl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Body Composition Change ◽  
Ad Libitum

Exercise may sensitize individuals with overweight and obesity to appetitive signals (e.g., hunger and fullness cues), overriding trait eating behaviors that contribute to overeating and obesity, such as uncontrolled eating. The objective of the current study was to measure predictors of objective ad libitum energy intake at a laboratory-based, post-exercise test-meal in adolescents ranging in weight status from overweight to severe obesity. We hypothesized that appetitive states, rather than appetitive traits, would be the strongest predictors of energy intake at a post-exercise test-meal, after controlling for body size. At Baseline, 30 adolescents (ages 10–16 years, 50% female (F), 43% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 83% with obesity (OB)) completed state and trait appetite measures and an ad libitum dinner meal following intensive exercise. Nineteen of those participants (47% F, 32% NHW, 79% OB) completed identical assessments two years later (Year 2). Energy intake (kcal) at each time point was adjusted for fat-free mass index (i.e., body size). Adjusted energy intake was reliable from Baseline to Year 2 (ICC = 0.84). Multiple pre-meal appetite ratings were associated with test-meal energy intake. In stepwise linear regression models, pre-meal prospective food consumption was the strongest and only significant predictor of test-meal energy intake at both Baseline (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.005) and Year 2 (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.003). Baseline post-exercise energy intake was associated with weight change over two years (R2 = 0.24, p = 0.04), but not with change in fat mass (p = 0.11). Appetitive traits were not associated with weight or body composition change (p > 0.22). State appetite cues were the strongest predictors of post-exercise energy intake, independent of body size. Future studies should examine whether long-term exercise programs enhance responsiveness to homeostatic appetite signals in youth with overweight and obesity, with a goal to reduce excess energy intake and risk for weight gain over time.

scholarly journals Mechanisms behind the portion size effect-visibility and bite size

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Stanley Burger ◽  
Susan L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bite Size ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Participant Characteristics

Increases in portion size lead to increases in energy intake, yet the mechanisms behind this ‘portion size effect’ are unclear. This study tested possible mechanisms of the portion size effect i.e., bite size and visual cues in 30 over- and normal-weight individuals (15 men, 15 women). A 2x2 repeated measures, within-subject design was used to test the effects of portion size (410g vs. 820g of a pasta dish) and visual cues (blindfolded vs. visible) on energy intake. At each meal participants were exposed to one of four experimental conditions (small portion/visible; small portion/blindfold; large portion/visible; large portion/blindfold). Participant characteristics, food intake, number of bites, meal duration, palatability measures and hunger and fullness were assessed. In response to a doubling of the portion presented, entrée energy intake increased 26% (220kcal P < 0.001) and mean bite size increased 2.4g/bite (P < 0.05). Overweight individuals consumed 40% (334kcal) more of the entrée in response to the large portion condition (P < 0.05), while lean individuals’ intakes did not differ (P < 0.56). A 12% (122kcal) decrease in entrée intake was observed in the blindfolded condition (P < 0.01), but no portion by visual cue interaction was found; indicating that blindfolding did not attenuate the portion size effect. These data suggest that the portion size effect is greater in overweight individuals and occurs via changes in bite size.

Caregivers’ Feeding Behavior, Children's Eating Behavior, and Weight Status among Children of Preschool Age in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Xun Jiang ◽  
Tongyu Zhu ◽  
Yuhai Zhang ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Weight Concerns ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Childhood overweight and obesity have become significant public health challenges worldwide. This study aimed to explore whether caregivers’ feeding behavior and children’s eating behavior were associated with the weight status of preschool children in China.Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 912 caregivers of preschool children from April to July 2016. Caregivers’ feeding behaviors were assessed by the Chinese Preschooler’s Caregiver Feeding Behavior Scale (CPCFBS). Children’s eating behaviors were evaluated using the Chinese Preschooler’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CPEBQ). After controlling for demographic characteristics, multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between caregivers’ feeding behavior, children's eating behavior, and children's body mass index (BMI). Results The results showed that weight concerns on the part of caregivers (β=0.53) and food responsiveness on the part of children (β=0.93) were positively correlated with children’s BMI, whereas caregivers’ responsibility for feeding (β=-0.68) and children’s external eating (β=-0.53) were negatively correlated with BMI. Among caregiver feeding behaviors, weight concerns (OR=4.54, P<0.001) and behavior-restricted feeding (OR=0.29, P<0.001) were positively correlated with children’s BMI. A child’s food responsiveness (OR=4.04, P<0.001) was also positively correlated with his/her BMI, while the child’s satiety responsiveness (OR=0.42, P<0.001) and emotional eating habits (OR=0.56, P<0.001) were negatively correlated with overweight/obesity status. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that children’s eating behavior and caregivers’ feeding behavior were associated with weight status among preschool children in China. Behavior interventions on caregivers as well as their children may prevent or reduce weight problems in preschool children. Trial registration This study was not a clinical experiment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Hispanic Preschool Children in San Luis Obispo County, California

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (SI-Latino) ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
Kristine Z. Jankovitz ◽  
Karen J. McGaughey ◽  
Kyla Tom ◽  
Dayna Ravalin ◽  
Ann Yelmokas McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Head Start ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Hispanic Children ◽  
San Luis ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obese (OW/OB) preschool children in San Luis Obispo County. Preschool children ages 3-5 years were measured for height and weight in 2006 (n = 482) and in 2009/10 combined (n = 559). The CDC BMI calculator for ages 2-20 was used to determine BMI classification. In 2006, 26.4% were OW/OB and by 2009/10, 34.8% were OW/OB. Rates were similar among boys and girls (p = 0.70) and increased significantly over time (p = 0.0070). Caucasian and Hispanic children had similar OW/OB rates in 2006, but by 2009/10 the Hispanic children were 2.7 times more likely to be obese (CI: 1.68, 4.57). Because Hispanic children were more likely to attend Head Start or California State preschools versus private preschools (78.0%, 81.0% and 7.4% respectively), it appears Head Start and California State preschools would be a likely place for interventions directed to meet the needs of Hispanic preschoolers, and may serve to reverse the trend in childhood obesity and address the disparity in weight status among Hispanic preschool aged children.

Relationship between Portion Size and Energy Intake among Infants and Toddlers: Evidence of Self-Regulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kay Fox ◽  
Barbara Devaney ◽  
Kathleen Reidy ◽  
Carol Razafindrakoto ◽  
Paula Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Infants And Toddlers

scholarly journals Excess Weight Among Preschool Children in a Lower-Middle-Income Country: Predictors and Perspectives of Prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Sihem Ben Fredj ◽  
Rim Ghammam ◽  
Nawel Zammit ◽  
Samah Ben Ammar ◽  
Asma Ammar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: We aimed to assess the weight status and to determine predicted factors of excess weight among Tunisian preschool children. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among preschoolers attending kindergarten during 2016-2017 school-years in Sousse, Tunisia. The children’s parents completed the self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measures (Weight and height) were taken for the children. Weight status considered body mass index (BMI) and excess weight was defined by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards. Odds ratios for excess weight were calculated using binary logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 364 preschoolers were included with a mean age 4.49±0.9 years. The ratio boys/girls was 1.05. The prevalence of excess weight was 31.3%; CI95%:[26.7%-36.5%]). Female gender (AOR=1.74; CI95%:[1.07-2.83]), working mother (AOR=1.75;CI95%:[1.04-2.92]), sedentary behavior (AOR=1.87;CI95%:[1.01-3.51]), eating sweets (AOR=1.95;CI95%:[1.19-3.19]), eating while watching television (AOR=2.53;CI95%:[1.23-5.18]) were positively associated with greater risk of excess weight while sleep duration<10h (AOR=0.41;CI95%:[0.24-0.71]) and less educated mother (AOR=0.35;CI95%:[0.12-0.96]) were negatively associated with excess weight. Conclusion: Our results show that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschoolers was alarming. Prevention of obesity should start early in life through a multisectoral approach.

Self-regulation as a correlate of weight status in preschool children

2017 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Schmitt ◽  
Irem Korucu ◽  
Blake L. Jones ◽  
Frank J. Snyder ◽  
Carly D. Evich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Self Regulation

scholarly journals The timing of the evening meal: how is this associated with weight status in UK children?

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1616-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine D. Coulthard ◽  
Gerda K. Pot
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Evening Meal ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Meal Timing

AbstractThere is some evidence from studies in adults and limited evidence from studies in children that eating later in the day may increase the risk of overweight and obesity. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated associations between evening meal timing in children and their weight status and energy intake. Dietary data obtained from the UK’s National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008–2012) for 768 children aged 4–10 years and 852 children aged 11–18 years were analysed. We tested for an association between evening meal timing (consuming the evening meal before or after 20.00 hours) and risk of overweight and/or obesity, adjusting for relevant confounding variables. We also explored whether evening meal timing was associated with overall nutrient intake. We found no association between evening meal timing and risk of obesity or risk of overweight and obesity combined in either the 4–10 years age group (obesity: OR 1·43; 95 % CI 0·49, 4·13; obesity and overweight combined: OR 1·33; 95 % CI 0·53, 3·33) or the 11–18 years age group (obesity: OR 0·50; 95 % CI 0·24, 1·02; obesity and overweight combined: OR 0·83; 95 % CI 0·50, 1·38), split by sex or as combined. No significant associations were found between evening meal timing and energy intake, and no clear patterns in variation of nutrient intakes with evening meal times were identified. In conclusion, we found no evidence that, for children aged 4–18 years in the UK, eating the evening meal after 20.00 hours was associated with excess weight or increased energy intake.

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