The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in human subjects

A double-blind randomized crossover study was performed with nineteen normal-weight men to investigate the effect on subsequent ad libitum food intake of replacing 29 g sucrose with 29 g D-TAGATOSE AS SWEETENER TO A BREAKFAST MEAL. d-Tagatose is a malabsorbed stereoisomer of fructose with potential application as a bulk sweetener. Food intake was measured at lunch offered 4 h after the breakfast meal, during the afternoon with access to abundant snacks, and finally at a supper buffet 9 h after the breakfast. Energy intake at lunch and during the snacking period was similar after ingesting the two sugars, while it was 15 % lower after ingesting d-tagatose than with sucrose at supper (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal factors such as the osmotic effects of unabsorbed d-tagatose causing distension of the gut might have mediated the acute appetite-suppressing effect. The present paper also refers to data from a preceding study in which we observed an increased self-reported energy intake after ingestion of d-tagatose compared with sucrose which, in fact, suggests a relative hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose. However, self-reported food intake may be biased by selective under-reporting and this subsequent study with a more controlled assessment of food intake was therefore conducted. This present study did not support any hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose, but rather suggests that d-tagatose may contribute to a reduced energy intake.

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Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114500000039 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

A. M. Johnstone ◽

E. Shannon ◽

S. Whybrow ◽

C. A. Reid ◽

R. J. Stubbs

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Real Life ◽

Latin Square ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Fixed Composition ◽

Ad Libitum

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

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A protein-rich beverage consumed as a breakfast meal leads to weaker appetitive and dietary responses v. a protein-rich solid breakfast meal in adolescents

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511000122 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Heather J. Leidy ◽

Louise I. Bales-Voelker ◽

Corey T. Harris

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Young People ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Differential Response ◽

Solid Meal ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Protein Rich

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a protein-rich beverage leads to a differential response in appetite, satiety and subsequent energy intake compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched solid version in young people. A total of fifteen adolescents (eight girls and seven boys; age 14 (sem 1) years, BMI percentile 79 (sem 4) %) randomly completed two testing days that included protein-rich (PR) breakfast meals (38 % of energy as protein, 48 (sem 2) g/meal) provided as a solid (S) or beverage (B). Breakfast was 24 % of estimated daily energy needs (2146 (sem 96) kJ/meal). Perceived appetite and satiety responses were collected over 5 h followed by an ad libitum lunch buffet. The PR-S meal led to greater reductions in 4 h postprandial appetite ( − 6221 (sem 1171) mm × 240 min) v. the PR-B meal ( − 3570 (sem 957) mm × 240 min; P < 0·05). When examining the data according to hourly responses, the PR-S meal led to greater reductions in appetite during postprandial hours 2, 3 and 4 v. the PR-B meal (all comparisons, P < 0·05). No differences in postprandial hourly or total (4 h) fullness were observed following the PR-S v. PR-B meals. The PR-S meal led to approximately 480 kJ less energy consumed at the ad libitum lunch buffet (1418 (sem 222) kJ) v. the PR-B meal (1900 (sem 326) kJ; P < 0·05). These data indicate that, although the food form of the PR breakfast meals had little, if any, effect on satiety, the appetitive responses were diminished and the subsequent food intake was greater when protein was consumed as a beverage v. a solid meal.

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Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz285 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 111 (2) ◽

pp. 319-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thomas M S Wolever ◽

Susan M Tosh ◽

Susan E Spruill ◽

Alexandra L Jenkins ◽

Adish Ezatagha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Food Intake ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Random Order ◽

Double Blind ◽

Contract Research Organization ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Healthy Humans ◽

Oat Bran ◽

Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT Background The viscosity of oat β-glucan (OBG) determines its effect on serum cholesterol and glycemic responses, but whether OBG viscosity affects gastric emptying, appetite, and ad libitum food intake is unknown. Objectives We aimed to determine the effect of altering the amount or molecular weight (MW) and, hence, viscosity of OBG in a breakfast meal on the primary endpoint of food intake at a subsequent meal. Methods Overnight-fasted males (n = 16) and nonpregnant females (n = 12) without diabetes, aged 18–60 y, with BMI 20.0–30.0 kg/m² who were unrestrained eaters participated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study at a contract research organization. Participants consumed, in random order, breakfast meals equivalent in weight, energy, and macronutrients consisting of white-bread, butter, jam, and 2% milk plus hot cereal [Cream of Rice (CR), or instant-oatmeal plus either 3 g oat-bran (2gOBG), 10 g oat-bran (4gOBG), or 10 g oat-bran plus β-glucanase (4gloMW) to reduce OBG MW and viscosity compared with 4gOBG]. Gastric emptying, subjective appetite, and glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) responses were assessed for 3 h and then subjects were offered an ad libitum lunch (water and pizza). Results Pizza intakes (n = 28) after CR, 2gOBG, 4gOBG, and 4gloMW (mean ± SEM: 887 ± 64, 831 ± 61, 834 ± 78, and 847 ± 68 kcal, respectively) were similar (nonsignificant). Compared with CR, 4gOBG significantly reduced glucose (78 ± 10 compared with 135 ± 15 mmol × min/L) and insulin (14.0 ± 1.6 compared with 26.8 ± 3.5 nmol × min/L) incremental area-under-the-curve and delayed gastric-emptying half-time (geometric mean: 285; 95% CI: 184, 442, compared with geometric mean: 105; 95% CI: 95, 117 min), effects not seen after 4gloMW. Subjective appetite, PYY, and ghrelin responses after 2gOBG, 4gOBG, and 4gloMW were similar to those after CR. Conclusions The results demonstrate that OBG viscosity determines its effect on postprandial glucose, insulin, and gastric emptying. However, we were unable to demonstrate a significant effect of OBG on appetite or food intake, regardless of its viscosity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03490851.

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Macronutrient manipulations of cheese resulted in lower energy content without compromising its satiating capacity

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2017.73 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thea Toft Hansen ◽

Anders Sjödin ◽

Christian Ritz ◽

Simon Bonnet ◽

Sanne Kellebjerg Korndal

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Lower Energy ◽

Weight Control ◽

Energy Content ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Normal Weight ◽

High Protein ◽

High Fat ◽

Double Blind ◽

Body Weight Control

AbstractManipulation of food's macronutrient composition in order to reduce energy content without compromising satiating capacity may be helpful in body weight control. For cheeses, substituting fat with protein may provide such opportunity. We aimed at examining the acute effect of cheeses with different macronutrient compositions on accumulated energy intake and subjective appetite sensation. A total of thirty-nine normal-weight (average BMI 24·4 kg/m2) men and women completed the partly double-blind, randomised crossover study with high-protein/low-fat (HP/LF, 696 kJ), high-protein/high-fat (HP/HF, 976 kJ) and low-protein/high-fat (LP/HF, 771 kJ) cheeses. After overnight fasting, 80 g cheese were served with 70 g bread, 132 g juice and 125 g coffee/tea/water. Ad libitum spaghetti bolognaise was served after 3 h and energy intake assessed. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed using visual analogue scales. Composite appetite scores were calculated and evaluated relatively to energy intake. Total accumulated energy intake was 188·3 (se 97·4) kJ lower when consuming the HP/LF compared with the HP/HF (P ≤ 0·05), but, compared with the LP/HF cheese, the difference was not significant (177·0 (se 100·4) kJ lower; P = 0·08). In relation to energy intake, the composite appetite score was lower when consuming the HP/LF compared with the HP/HF (P = 0·003) and the LP/HF (P = 0·007) cheeses. Thereby, no compensatory eating following consumption of the HP/LF compared with the HP/HF cheese was found. The HP/LF cheese resulted in an increased feeling of satiety in relation to its lower energy content compared with both HP/HF and LP/HF cheeses.

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A premeal snack of raisins decreases mealtime food intake more than grapes in young children

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0309 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 382-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Barkha P. Patel ◽

Bohdan Luhovyy ◽

Rebecca Mollard ◽

James E. Painter ◽

G. Harvey Anderson

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Water Control ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Meal Time ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Consumption Experiment ◽

Cumulative Energy Intake ◽

Cumulative Intake

The effect of a premeal snack of grapes, raisins, or a mix of almonds and raisins, compared with a water control, on food intake (FI) was examined in 8- to 11-year-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children. Children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum (Experiment 1: 13 boys, 13 girls) or fixed-calorie (150 kcal; Experiment 2: 13 boys, 13 girls) treatments, followed by an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min later. Appetite was measured throughout the study, and FI was measured at 30 min. The ad libitum consumption (Experiment 1) of raisins reduced pizza intake (p < 0.037), compared with water (26%), grapes (22%), and the mixed snack (15%). Cumulative energy intake (in kcal: snack + pizza) was lower after water and raisins than after either grapes or the mixed snack (p < 0.031). As a fixed-calorie (150 kcal) snack (Experiment 2), raisins reduced pizza intake, compared with water (∼11%, p = 0.005), and resulted in a cumulative intake similar to water; however, both grapes and the mixed snack resulted in higher cumulative intakes (p < 0.015). Appetite was lower after all caloric ad libitum snacks (p < 0.003) and after fixed amounts of grapes and the mixed snack (p < 0.037), compared with water. In conclusion, consumption of a premeal snack of raisins, but not grapes or a mix of raisins and almonds, reduces meal-time energy intake and does not lead to increased cumulative energy intake in children.

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Acute Effect of Resistant Starch on Food Intake, Appetite and Satiety in Overweight/Obese Males

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121993 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1993 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Najlaa Al-Mana ◽

M. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Short Term ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Ad Libitum

Several studies have linked increased intake of dietary fibre to improvement in the management of body weight. Dietary fibre from resistant starch (RS) has been shown to have an impact on food intake in normal weight individuals, but its role in obesity is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of RS on appetite, satiety and postprandial metabolism in overweight/obese subjects. In this single-blind randomized crossover study, overweight/obese healthy males consumed a test breakfast and lunch containing either 48 g RS or a placebo. Postprandial qualitative appetite, glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 were measured every 30 min for 7 h. Energy intake values from an ad libitum dinner and for a 24-h period were assessed. Acute consumption of RS at breakfast/lunch significantly reduced the energy intake at the ad libitum dinner (p = 0.017). No significant effect over 24 h or qualitative feelings of satiety were observed. Significant treatment × time effects were found for postprandial glucose (p = 0.004) for RS compared to placebo, with a trend for higher C-peptide concentrations following RS. The postprandial insulin and GLP-1 responses were not significantly different. RS may indeed have short-term beneficial effects in obese individuals.

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Energy intake, gastrointestinal transit, and gut hormone release in response to oral triglycerides and fatty acids in men with and without severe obesity

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 316 (3) ◽

pp. G332-G337 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carsten Dirksen ◽

Jesper Graff ◽

Stefan Fuglsang ◽

Jens F. Rehfeld ◽

Jens J. Holst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Double Blind ◽

Gut Hormone ◽

Ad Libitum

Dietary fat, and particularly fatty acids (FAs) from hydrolyzed triglycerides (TGs), reduces appetite, whereas paradoxically, a high-fat diet leads to excess calorie intake. We therefore hypothesized that the appetite-regulating effects of FAs are perturbed in obesity. Ten men with severe obesity [median body mass index (BMI) of 51.0 kg/m2(range of 47.9–69.0)] and 10 men without obesity [BMI of 24.6 kg/m2(range of 21.7–26.8)] were recruited for a double-blind randomized crossover study. On two occasions, participants were given isocaloric (2,660 kJ) and isovolemic (80 ml) loads of either oleic acid (long-chain FA) or olive oil (TG) containing radiolabeled lipid and water markers. Postload scintigraphy, blood sampling, and assessment of appetite were performed for 10 h, after which an ad libitum meal was served. Compared with olive oil, oleic acid slowed gastric mean emptying time (GMET) for lipids ( P < 0.001), accelerated orocoecal transit time (OCTT; P = 0.005), increased postload cholecystokinin section ( P < 0.001), and suppressed ad libitum energy intake ( P = 0.028) in men with severe obesity, and similar effects were seen in the nonobese group (no group × lipid interactions). However, independent of lipid loads, GMET and OCTT were slower (GMETlipidP = 0.046; GMETwaterP = 0.003; OCTT P = 0.001), and basal and postload secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was attenuated ( P = 0.045 and P = 0.048, respectively) in men with severe obesity compared with men without obesity. We conclude that the more potent appetite-regulating effects of oleic acid versus olive oil are unimpaired in men with severe obesity. However, regardless of lipid formulations, severe obesity is associated with slowed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated GLP-1 secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Orally ingested fatty acids more efficiently reduce appetite and energy intake than triglycerides also in men with severe obesity. Men with severe obesity have delayed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated early gut hormone responses after an oral lipid load compared with men without obesity.

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Increased satiety after intake of a chocolate milk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference in subsequent ad libitum lunch intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507339846 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 579-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Angela Harper ◽

Anita James ◽

Anne Flint ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Carbonated Beverage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Prospective Consumption

The rising rate of obesity has been blamed on increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, such as carbonated sodas, which fail to satisfy hunger. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect on appetite and energy intake of a sugar-sweetened beverage (cola) and a chocolate milk drink, matched for energy content and volume. It was hypothesised that chocolate milk may be more satiating because of its protein content. Twenty-two healthy young men (age 23 (sd 1·8) years) of normal weight (BMI 22·2 (sd 1·5) kg/m2) were recruited to the randomised cross-over study. Visual analogue scales were used to record subjective appetite ratings every 30 min on each of two test days. A drink of 500 ml cola or chocolate milk (900 kJ) was ingested 30 min before an ad libitum lunch. Satiety and fullness were significantly greater (P = 0·0007, P = 0·0004, respectively) 30 min after chocolate milk than after cola. Ratings of prospective consumption and hunger were significantly greater after cola than after chocolate milk, both immediately after preload intake (P = 0·008, P = 0·01, respectively) and 30 min afterwards (P = 0·004, P = 0·01, respectively). There was no significant difference (P = 0·42) in ad libitum lunch intake after ingestion of chocolate milk (3145 (sd 1268) kJ) compared with cola (3286 (sd 1346) kJ). The results support the hypothesis that sweetened soft drinks are different from milk products in their impact on short-term hunger and satiety, although differences in subjective appetite scores were not translated into differences in energy intake.

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Effect of capsinoids on energy metabolism in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114509991358 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 38-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Jose E. Galgani ◽

Donna H. Ryan ◽

Eric Ravussin

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Axillary Temperature ◽

Double Blind ◽

Different Doses

Capsinoids are non-pungent compounds with molecular structures similar to capsaicin, which has accepted thermogenic properties. To assess the acute effect of a plant-derived preparation of capsinoids on energy metabolism, we determined RMR and non-protein respiratory quotient (NPRQ) after ingestion of different doses of the capsinoids. Thirteen healthy subjects received four doses of the capsinoids (1, 3, 6 and 12 mg) and placebo using a crossover, randomised, double-blind trial. After a 10 h overnight fast as inpatients, RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry for 45 min before and 120 min after ingesting capsinoids or placebo. Blood pressure and axillary temperature were measured before ( − 55 and − 5 min) and after (60 and 120 min) dosing. Before dosing, mean RMR was 6247 (se92) kJ/d and NPRQ was 0·86 (se0·01). At 120 min after dosing, metabolic rate and NPRQ remained similar across the four capsinoids and placebo doses. Capsinoids also had no influence on blood pressure or axillary temperature. Capsinoids provided in four doses did not affect metabolic rate and fuel partitioning in human subjects when measured 2 h after exposure. Longer exposure and higher capsinoids doses may be required to cause meaningful acute effects on energy metabolism.

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Acute effects of mustard, horseradish, black pepper and ginger on energy expenditure, appetite,ad libitumenergy intake and energy balance in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512001201 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 556-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

N. T. Gregersen ◽

A. Belza ◽

M. G. Jensen ◽

C. Ritz ◽

C. Bitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Few Data

Chilli peppers have been shown to enhance diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and reduce energy intake (EI) in some studies, but there are few data on other pungent spices. The primary aim of the present study was to test the acute effects of black pepper (pepper), ginger, horseradish and mustard in a meal on 4 h postprandial DIT. The secondary aim was to examine the effects on subjective appetite measures,ad libitumEI and energy balance. In a five-way placebo-controlled, single-blind, cross-over trial, twenty-two young (age 24·9 (sd4·6) years), normal-weight (BMI 21·8 (sd2·1) kg/m2) males were randomly assigned to receive a brunch meal with either pepper (1·3 g), ginger (20 g), horseradish (8·3 g), mustard (21 g) or no spices (placebo). The amounts of spices were chosen from pre-testing to make the meal spicy but palatable. No significant treatment effects were observed on DIT, but mustard produced DIT, which tended to be larger than that of placebo (14 %, 59 (se3)v.52 (se2) kJ/h, respectively,P= 0·08). No other spice induced thermogenic effects approaching statistical significance. Subjective measures of appetite (P>0·85),ad libitumEI (P= 0·63) and energy balance (P= 0·67) also did not differ between the treatments. Finally, horseradish decreased heart rate (P= 0·048) and increased diastolic blood pressure (P= 0·049) compared with placebo. In conclusion, no reliable treatment effects on appetite, EI or energy balance were observed, although mustard tended to be thermogenic at this dose. Further studies should explore the possible strength and mechanisms of the potential thermogenic effect of mustard actives, and potential enhancement by, for example, combinations with other food components.

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