Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight men

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

Download Full-text

The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711450000146x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 227-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Benjamin Buemann ◽

Søren Toubro ◽

Anne Raben ◽

John Blundell ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Double Blind ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Osmotic Effects ◽

Randomized Crossover Study

A double-blind randomized crossover study was performed with nineteen normal-weight men to investigate the effect on subsequent ad libitum food intake of replacing 29 g sucrose with 29 g D-TAGATOSE AS SWEETENER TO A BREAKFAST MEAL. d-Tagatose is a malabsorbed stereoisomer of fructose with potential application as a bulk sweetener. Food intake was measured at lunch offered 4 h after the breakfast meal, during the afternoon with access to abundant snacks, and finally at a supper buffet 9 h after the breakfast. Energy intake at lunch and during the snacking period was similar after ingesting the two sugars, while it was 15 % lower after ingesting d-tagatose than with sucrose at supper (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal factors such as the osmotic effects of unabsorbed d-tagatose causing distension of the gut might have mediated the acute appetite-suppressing effect. The present paper also refers to data from a preceding study in which we observed an increased self-reported energy intake after ingestion of d-tagatose compared with sucrose which, in fact, suggests a relative hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose. However, self-reported food intake may be biased by selective under-reporting and this subsequent study with a more controlled assessment of food intake was therefore conducted. This present study did not support any hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose, but rather suggests that d-tagatose may contribute to a reduced energy intake.

Download Full-text

Eating traits in relation to performance and carcass traits of restrictedly fed group-housed finishing pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800050396 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 399-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. J. L. Ramaekers ◽

J. W. G. M. Swinkels ◽

J. H. Huiskes ◽

M. W. A. Verstegen

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Carcass Traits ◽

Live Weight ◽

Free Access ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Lean Tissue ◽

Tissue Content ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Ad Libitum

AbstractSeventy-two crossbred barrows (28.7 ± 0.3 kg live weight (LW)) were used to examine whether there is a relation between eating traits, and performance and carcass traits in ad libitum and restrictedly fed group-housed pigs. The experiment included two replicates, each consisting of 36 pigs. From day 1 to 42, all pigs were maintained with free access to a starter diet containing 12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 8.2 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg. The experimental period was from day 42 (55.9 kg LW) to the end of the experiment (110.2 kg LW). The pigs in treatment 1 were maintained with free access to a high (H) energy diet (13.1 MJ ME and 7.1 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg). For pigs in treatments 2 and 3 the daily energy allowance per pig was restricted to 18 MJ ME above the daily energy requirement for maintenance using diet H, and a low (L) energy diet (12.5 MJ ME and 6.7 g ileal apparent digestible lysine per kg), respectively. The weekly measured LW was used to compute the energy requirements for maintenance (M = 0·719 MJ ME × LW (kg)0.63). Daily food intake and eating traits per pig were determined using transponders and an electronic feeding station equipped with an antenna.Daily energy intake of the ad libitum and restrictedly fed pigs was correlated with growth and lean meat tissue content of the carcass. In the pigs given food ad libitum, daily energy intake was correlated with daily feeder visiting time, time per meal and food intake per meal, but not with number of meals per day and rate of food intake. In the restricted treatments, number of meals per day was correlated with energy intake, but not with lean tissue content of the carcass. In conclusion, number of meals per day explained part of the variation of lean tissue content of the carcass in ad libitum, but not in restrictedly fed group-housed pigs.

Download Full-text

A protein-rich beverage consumed as a breakfast meal leads to weaker appetitive and dietary responses v. a protein-rich solid breakfast meal in adolescents

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511000122 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Heather J. Leidy ◽

Louise I. Bales-Voelker ◽

Corey T. Harris

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Young People ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Differential Response ◽

Solid Meal ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Protein Rich

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a protein-rich beverage leads to a differential response in appetite, satiety and subsequent energy intake compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched solid version in young people. A total of fifteen adolescents (eight girls and seven boys; age 14 (sem 1) years, BMI percentile 79 (sem 4) %) randomly completed two testing days that included protein-rich (PR) breakfast meals (38 % of energy as protein, 48 (sem 2) g/meal) provided as a solid (S) or beverage (B). Breakfast was 24 % of estimated daily energy needs (2146 (sem 96) kJ/meal). Perceived appetite and satiety responses were collected over 5 h followed by an ad libitum lunch buffet. The PR-S meal led to greater reductions in 4 h postprandial appetite ( − 6221 (sem 1171) mm × 240 min) v. the PR-B meal ( − 3570 (sem 957) mm × 240 min; P < 0·05). When examining the data according to hourly responses, the PR-S meal led to greater reductions in appetite during postprandial hours 2, 3 and 4 v. the PR-B meal (all comparisons, P < 0·05). No differences in postprandial hourly or total (4 h) fullness were observed following the PR-S v. PR-B meals. The PR-S meal led to approximately 480 kJ less energy consumed at the ad libitum lunch buffet (1418 (sem 222) kJ) v. the PR-B meal (1900 (sem 326) kJ; P < 0·05). These data indicate that, although the food form of the PR breakfast meals had little, if any, effect on satiety, the appetitive responses were diminished and the subsequent food intake was greater when protein was consumed as a beverage v. a solid meal.

Download Full-text

Ad Libitum Energy Intake Differences Between a Plant-Based, Low-Fat and an Animal-Based, Low-Carbohydrate Diet: An Inpatient Randomized Crossover Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 626-626

Author(s):

Isabelle Gallagher ◽

James Boring ◽

Amber Courville ◽

Juen Guo ◽

Rebecca Howard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Research Unit ◽

Low Fat ◽

Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽

Low Carbohydrate ◽

Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To investigate differences in ad libitum energy intake when inpatient adults were exposed to diets with equal calories and protein but varied widely in the ratio of carbohydrate to fat. Methods 16 adults without diabetes were admitted to the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit in the NIH Clinical Center for four continuous weeks and were randomized to receive either a plant-based, low-fat (LF) diet or an animal-based, low-carbohydrate (LC) diet for two weeks, followed by the alternate diet for two weeks. The LF diet was ∼75% carbohydrate and ∼10% fat, whereas the LC was ∼10% carbohydrate and ∼75% fat. The LF diet had ∼4-fold more fiber and was ∼60% of the energy density of the LC diet. Both diets were matched for protein and the presented calories were double each subject's maintenance energy requirements, as calculated from their measured resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Participants received three daily meals, had continuous access to snacks, and were instructed to eat as much or as little as they wanted. Leftovers were weighed to determine food intake. ProNutra software was used to calculate energy and nutrient intake. Results The study enrolled 9 men and 7 women with an age (mean ± SE) of 29 ± 1.7 years and body mass index (BMI) of 27.5 ± 1.5. During exposure to the LF diet, participants consumed 726 ± 84 kcal/d less than during the LC diet (P < 0.0001). The composition of the food intake closely matched the presented diets, with the LF diet consumption of 75.2 ± 0.2% carbohydrate, 10.7 ± 0.2% fat, and 14.0 ± 0.3% protein whereas the LC diet consumption was 9.9 ± 0.1% carbohydrate, 74.5 ± 0.2% fat, and 15.6 ± 0.2% protein. During the second week of the LC diet, when ketosis had been fully established (capillary β-hydroxybutyrate = 1.4 ± 0.08 mM), intake decreased by 295 ± 52 kcal/d compared to the first week (P < 0.0001) whereas during the second week of the LF diet intake was not significantly changed (−51 ± 52 kcal/d; P = 0.33). Nevertheless, energy intake remained 611 ± 68 kcal/d lower during the second week of the LF diet than the LC diet (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Exposure to the LF diet resulted in significantly lower ad libitum energy intake compared to the LC diet, potentially due to its lower energy density and greater fiber content. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Download Full-text

Effects of long-term intervention with low- and high-glycaemic-index breakfasts on food intake in children aged 8–11 years

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507727459 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 98 (3) ◽

pp. 636-640 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C. Jeya K. Henry ◽

Helen J. Lightowler ◽

Caroline M. Strik

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Glycaemic Index ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Food Diaries ◽

The Mean ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

The Difference

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of long-term intervention of low-glycaemic-index (GI) v. high-GI breakfasts on energy and macronutrient intakes in children aged 8–11 years. Preadolescent children were assigned to one of two groups in a random cross-over design. Each group was given low-GI and high-GI breakfasts on two non-consecutive days per week for 10 weeks per breakfast type. Each breakfast provided approximately 1273 kJ (300 kcal) and was closely matched for macronutrient and dietary fibre content. Subsequent food intake at an ad libitum buffet lunch was recorded and daily energy and macronutrient intakes were measured by 24 h recall and 3 d food diaries. There was a tendency towards a reduced energy intake at lunch following the low-GI breakfast compared with the high-GI breakfast, although the mean difference of 75 kJ (18 kcal) was not significant (P = 0·406). In particular, there was a trend towards a reduced energy intake in the low-GI arm compared with the high-GI arm among boys. In addition, data from the 3 d food diaries showed that there was a tendency towards a reduced energy intake during the low-GI compared with the high-GI study period. In conclusion, although the difference in energy intake following the low-GI and high-GI breakfasts was not statistically significant, the reduced energy intake following the low-GI breakfast is encouraging. Both dietary fibre and carbohydrate type may affect GI, thus their potential and relative modulating effect on appetite requires further investigation.

Download Full-text

A premeal snack of raisins decreases mealtime food intake more than grapes in young children

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0309 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 382-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Barkha P. Patel ◽

Bohdan Luhovyy ◽

Rebecca Mollard ◽

James E. Painter ◽

G. Harvey Anderson

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Water Control ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Meal Time ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Consumption Experiment ◽

Cumulative Energy Intake ◽

Cumulative Intake

The effect of a premeal snack of grapes, raisins, or a mix of almonds and raisins, compared with a water control, on food intake (FI) was examined in 8- to 11-year-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children. Children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum (Experiment 1: 13 boys, 13 girls) or fixed-calorie (150 kcal; Experiment 2: 13 boys, 13 girls) treatments, followed by an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min later. Appetite was measured throughout the study, and FI was measured at 30 min. The ad libitum consumption (Experiment 1) of raisins reduced pizza intake (p < 0.037), compared with water (26%), grapes (22%), and the mixed snack (15%). Cumulative energy intake (in kcal: snack + pizza) was lower after water and raisins than after either grapes or the mixed snack (p < 0.031). As a fixed-calorie (150 kcal) snack (Experiment 2), raisins reduced pizza intake, compared with water (∼11%, p = 0.005), and resulted in a cumulative intake similar to water; however, both grapes and the mixed snack resulted in higher cumulative intakes (p < 0.015). Appetite was lower after all caloric ad libitum snacks (p < 0.003) and after fixed amounts of grapes and the mixed snack (p < 0.037), compared with water. In conclusion, consumption of a premeal snack of raisins, but not grapes or a mix of raisins and almonds, reduces meal-time energy intake and does not lead to increased cumulative energy intake in children.

Download Full-text

Acute Effect of Resistant Starch on Food Intake, Appetite and Satiety in Overweight/Obese Males

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121993 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1993 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Najlaa Al-Mana ◽

M. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Short Term ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Postprandial Metabolism ◽

Ad Libitum

Several studies have linked increased intake of dietary fibre to improvement in the management of body weight. Dietary fibre from resistant starch (RS) has been shown to have an impact on food intake in normal weight individuals, but its role in obesity is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of RS on appetite, satiety and postprandial metabolism in overweight/obese subjects. In this single-blind randomized crossover study, overweight/obese healthy males consumed a test breakfast and lunch containing either 48 g RS or a placebo. Postprandial qualitative appetite, glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 were measured every 30 min for 7 h. Energy intake values from an ad libitum dinner and for a 24-h period were assessed. Acute consumption of RS at breakfast/lunch significantly reduced the energy intake at the ad libitum dinner (p = 0.017). No significant effect over 24 h or qualitative feelings of satiety were observed. Significant treatment × time effects were found for postprandial glucose (p = 0.004) for RS compared to placebo, with a trend for higher C-peptide concentrations following RS. The postprandial insulin and GLP-1 responses were not significantly different. RS may indeed have short-term beneficial effects in obese individuals.

Download Full-text

Does Increased Exercise or Physical Activity Alter Ad-Libitum Daily Energy Intake or Macronutrient Composition in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0083498 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. e83498 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Joseph E. Donnelly ◽

Stephen D. Herrmann ◽

Kate Lambourne ◽

Amanda N. Szabo ◽

Jeffery J. Honas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Macronutrient Composition ◽

Daily Energy ◽

Ad Libitum

Download Full-text

Increased satiety after intake of a chocolate milk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference in subsequent ad libitum lunch intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507339846 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 579-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Angela Harper ◽

Anita James ◽

Anne Flint ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Carbonated Beverage ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Prospective Consumption

The rising rate of obesity has been blamed on increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, such as carbonated sodas, which fail to satisfy hunger. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect on appetite and energy intake of a sugar-sweetened beverage (cola) and a chocolate milk drink, matched for energy content and volume. It was hypothesised that chocolate milk may be more satiating because of its protein content. Twenty-two healthy young men (age 23 (sd 1·8) years) of normal weight (BMI 22·2 (sd 1·5) kg/m2) were recruited to the randomised cross-over study. Visual analogue scales were used to record subjective appetite ratings every 30 min on each of two test days. A drink of 500 ml cola or chocolate milk (900 kJ) was ingested 30 min before an ad libitum lunch. Satiety and fullness were significantly greater (P = 0·0007, P = 0·0004, respectively) 30 min after chocolate milk than after cola. Ratings of prospective consumption and hunger were significantly greater after cola than after chocolate milk, both immediately after preload intake (P = 0·008, P = 0·01, respectively) and 30 min afterwards (P = 0·004, P = 0·01, respectively). There was no significant difference (P = 0·42) in ad libitum lunch intake after ingestion of chocolate milk (3145 (sd 1268) kJ) compared with cola (3286 (sd 1346) kJ). The results support the hypothesis that sweetened soft drinks are different from milk products in their impact on short-term hunger and satiety, although differences in subjective appetite scores were not translated into differences in energy intake.

Download Full-text

Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12123893 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3893 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Desiree M. Sigala ◽

Adrianne M. Widaman ◽

Bettina Hieronimus ◽

Marinelle V. Nunez ◽

Vivien Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Ad Libitum

Sugar-sweetened beverage (sugar-SB) consumption is associated with body weight gain. We investigated whether the changes of (Δ) circulating leptin contribute to weight gain and ad libitum food intake in young adults consuming sugar-SB for two weeks. In a parallel, double-blinded, intervention study, participants (n = 131; BMI 18–35 kg/m2; 18–40 years) consumed three beverages/day containing aspartame or 25% energy requirement as glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sucrose (n = 23–28/group). Body weight, ad libitum food intake and 24-h leptin area under the curve (AUC) were assessed at Week 0 and at the end of Week 2. The Δbody weight was not different among groups (p = 0.092), but the increases in subjects consuming HFCS- (p = 0.0008) and glucose-SB (p = 0.018) were significant compared with Week 0. Subjects consuming sucrose- (+14%, p < 0.0015), fructose- (+9%, p = 0.015) and HFCS-SB (+8%, p = 0.017) increased energy intake during the ad libitum food intake trial compared with subjects consuming aspartame-SB (−4%, p = 0.0037, effect of SB). Fructose-SB decreased (−14 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.0006) and sucrose-SB increased (+25 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.025 vs. Week 0; p = 0.0008 vs. fructose-SB) 24-h leptin AUC. The Δad libitum food intake and Δbody weight were not influenced by circulating leptin in young adults consuming sugar-SB for 2 weeks. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms mediating increased energy intake in subjects consuming sugar-SB.

Download Full-text