Decision-Making Criteria of Odontectomy or Surgical Exposure in Impacted Maxillary Canine Based on Treatment Difficulty Index Modification

Objective Canine impaction is a difficult condition to treat, and it usually necessitates a combination of surgical exposure and orthodontic traction or surgical extraction. An accurate assessment of the maxillary canine's position can help determine the severity of the impaction, the difficulty of therapy, and the treatment's prognosis. Materials and Methods A total of 55 impacted canines were studied and selected retrospectively. Difficulty indexes were used to measure the severity of impaction with pretreatment panoramic radiographs. Statistical Analysis Pearson correlation was used to test the validity of the difficulty index modification score. Regression statistical analysis was used to evaluate any correlation between total scoring from each index with surgical treatment. Results The validity test on the variable modification index score showed a valid value (p = 0.000). According to both treatment difficulty and modification index, odontectomy group showed higher mean of total scoring than surgical exposure group. Treatment difficulty and modification index showed a significant correlation with surgical treatment (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001). Conclusions The higher the severity of canine impaction, the greater is the possibility of odontectomy than surgical exposure. Both indexes can consider to be used in determining surgical treatment planning.

Development of Cognitive Learning Scale to Test the Knowledge Level of Veterinary Students on ICT

In the present study, to test the knowledge level of veterinary students on ICT, one hundred and seventy-one items were initially constructed on the basis of promoting thinking rather than rote memorization. It was designed in a manner that could differentiate the well-informed veterinary students from less informed ones. The scores of the respondents were subjects to item analysis to find the item difficulty index and item discrimination index. In the final selection, a total of 34 items with difficulty index between 30 and 80 and discrimination index ranging from 0.30 to 0.55 were selected. The reliability of the knowledge test developed was tested using split half technique. The coefficient of correlation value in split half test was 0.89, which was found to be significant at 1 per cent level of significance. It was found that, the developed knowledge test scale of Veterinary students on ICT was highly stable and can be used for measurement.

Analysis of the difficulty index of item bank according to cognitive aspects during the Covid-19 pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic is a major challenge for the education system. The face-to-face learning process shifted to online learning, including the school exams. In Aceh province, the school exams have changed from paper-based and computer-based. This research aims to analyze the difficulty index of an item bank based on cognitive aspects of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The study samples included 850 students. The data were the item bank of a final semester exam consisting of 200 multiple-choice items, answer keys, and students’ answer sheets. The empirical analysis of the item bank using classical test theory (CTT) found that 141 out of 200 items are valid based on content validity and computing data set using the Aiken’s V formula. Item tests have reliability of 0.983. The reliability is calculated using the Kuder-Richardson 21 formula. If the reliability coefficient is r11 ≥ 0.70, then the item is declared reliable. In addition, 62 out of 141 (43.97%) items from the item bank are classified with a moderate difficulty index, and 79 items (56.03%) are categorized with a high difficulty index. The cognitive aspects found in the items are remembering, understanding, applying, and analyzing. Students mostly found items with the cognitive aspects of remembering and understanding are difficult to solve.

A Review on Hyperglycemia: Symptoms and Risk Factors

Background: The term "hyperglycemia" is derived from the Greek hyper (top) + glykys (sugar/sugar) + haima (blood). Extra sugar varies from one hundred and twenty-five mg / dL and is faster and more noticeable than one hundred and eighty mg / metric unit a couple of hours after meals. The patient has decreased resistance to aldohexose, or prediabetes, with rapid plasma aldohexose 100 mg / dL one hundred and twenty-five mg / dL. The patient is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, more noticeable than one hundred and twenty-five mg / metric dose units. As long as the symptom is not treated, it will create a variety of dangerous complications that include pain in the care, kidneys, nerves, heart, and vascular structure. Objectives: To define the number of children in the past to assess whether symptoms have been given or not and whether this is often associated with a PIM pair difficulty index. Methods: Recurrent analysis, patients between one month and fifteen years The World Health Organization recognizes care for septic shock, between the month of the Gregorian calendar 2008 and Oct 2010. -aldohexose> 126 mg / dl. Patients were diagnosed according to age, gender, illness, and glucose levels when treated, 24, forty-eight, and seventy-two hrs Results: Out of 25 patients, 16 PF had symptoms, one patient had a glucose level> 200 mg /dl, and only one patient needed a hypoglycemic agent, usually between seventy-two hours and admission. Conclusions: The World Health Organization's gift of septic shock occurs at a lower rate, and people have developed the World Health Organization, a self-administered gift of traditional blood sugar levels of 72 hours while not requiring hypoglycemic agent administration. Patients with symptoms had a higher mortality rate of PIM pairs, thus increasing mortality.

Construction and validation of a test of knowledge of contraceptive methods for adolescents

Background: Valid and reliable instruments are required to measure the level of information on contraceptive methods in adolescents to promote their correct use. Objective: To construct and validate a test of knowledge of contraceptive methods for adolescents between 15 and 19 years old. Method: A 36-item test was developed that included the different contraceptive methods and information on the characteristics, use, efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Once validated by expert judges, a college in Ecatepec was randomly selected as data collection site. Students of the three school grades answered the test. Results: The test was applied to a total of 229 students between 15 and 19 years old (M = 16.22; SD = .978). The majority were women (66%), single (88.5%) and lived with their parents (62.9%). Of the 36 initial items, 31 showed discriminatory power between those who performed well on the test and those who did not. The difficulty index of the questionnaire was .45 and revealed a reliability index value of .739. Around 60% of the participants obtained a percentage below 50% of correct answers in the entire test. Only about 4% of participants got a percentage of correct responses higher than 70%. The categories of characteristics and use were those in which the participants performed best when answering 48% of these questions correctly. The worst was effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages with 33%. Conclusion: The test’s psychometric properties showed that it is a valid and reliable test for its application in Mexican adolescents. The results indicate that most adolescents of the simple do not have complete information about contraceptive methods and that they know the least about their effectiveness and side effects.

Enabling Extended Reach Wells with the Aid of an Ultra-High Speed Rotational Reamer Shoe

Well X is an infill horizontal well designed for the Gulf of Thailand. It is challenging due to the following factors - A long 8 ½ inch open hole section, An extended reach section at horizontal or near horizontal, the presence of loss circulation zones, an Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) ratio of 2.725 and a Drilling Difficulty Index (DDI) of 6.762. The key challenge was to successfully deploy the 7 inch casing across 12,350 ftMD of open hole, with potential loss circulation zones. In spite of these difficulties, the 7 inch casing was successfully landed with the use of an Ultra-High Speed Rotational Reamer Shoe. Historically, losses of circulation have posed significant challenges to well delivery in the Gulf of Thailand wells. In Well X, this is further complicated by a long open-hole section with a step-out of over 10,000 ftMD. It was determined that the successful deployment of the 7 inch casing would require some degree of agitation at the nose, and such a device must be tolerant to the Lost Circulation Materials (LCM) type and the composition of the drilling fluid and the cement. An ultra-high speed rotational reamer shoe was specially configured to meet the LCM requirements in the displaced fluid, for use in deploying the casing. While deploying the 7 inch casing, losses of up to 20 bbls/hr occurred from 7,043 ftMD while running at 15 joints/hr. A loss circulation recipe comprising of 60 bbls of 30 ppb Tiger LCM was mixed and successfully displaced through the customized ultra-high speed reamer shoe to cure losses. The casing was washed down from 10,569 to 11,610 ftMD, filling casing each stand. The 7 inch casing was successfully landed at the target depth of 12,353 feet and subsequently cemented. Drill out operations took 1.5 hours to complete. A formation integrity test (FIT) showed good shoe strength which was later confirmed by the cement evaluation logs. The comprehensive Ultra-High Speed Reamer Shoe was configured with a minimum restriction of 15mm, which is 5 times the diameter of the maximum particle size in the LCM of 3 mm. The tool was designed to tolerate the prescribed loss circulation materials, making it possible to cure the losses while running the casing string. The innovative Ultra-High Speed Reamer Shoe has demonstrated its usefulness by providing a higher probability for successfully deploying the 7 inch production casing over the extended reach section of Well X. The application of this technology can mitigate against non-productive time such as wiper trips or excessive washing down or casing rotation. It has proven to be a reliable technology that can be used in the industry in challenging well designs.

Comparison of the statistics and item analysis of multiple-choice questions between free and tuition-paying admission

Background: The purpose of this pilot was to compare the multiple-choice test statistics of medical and dental students' exams between free and tuition-paying.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted at Golestan University of Medical Sciences in Iran in 2020. The study population included students of medicine and dentistry. A total of 56 exams were selected in two student groups of free and tuition-paying admission in the physiology course. The results of quantitative evaluation of tests were used as the data of this study. The variables included difficulty index, discrimination index, the degree of difficulty, score variance, and Kuder-Richardson correlation coefficient. Results: There were 32 medical and 24 dentistry exams. The cumulative total number of questions in these exams was 437 and 330 multiple choice questions, respectively. The number of medical students participating in the free-tuition and paying-tuition admissions was 1336 and 1076, and for dental students, these numbers were 395 and 235, respectively. There were no significant differences in normalized adjusted exams scores between two admission groups in both medical and dentistry tests. The mean of discrimination index in the free-tuition group was higher than in the paying-tuition group. The interaction between the type of admission and the field of study was significant for the discrimination index. This difference was more in tuition-free dental students than tuition-free medical students and tuition-paying dental students. Conclusion: The type of student admission has no significant effect on student assessments in multiple-choice exams in matched educational conditions.

Validation of an instrument to determine oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices during pregnancy

Background Oral health of the mother-infant dyad is important to preserve general health. However, there are few instruments in Spanish for the evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices that determine this construct. Therefore, this research aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Maternal Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Questionnaire (CAPSOM in Spanish). Methods In this instrument development study that carried out in 2018–2019, involving pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45 in the city of Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. The sample size was calculated based on 10 women per questionnaire item (n = 10 k). The study used Cronbach’s alpha, the modified Lawshe test of validity criteria, factor analysis, and the level of difficulty and discrimination of the items. Results 207 women took part with their signed, informed consent (25 ± 6 years). The internal consistency of the instrument, both total and by dimension was α = 0.70, α = 0.66 knowledge, α = 0.74 attitudes, and α = 0.66 practices. Values of Content Validity Ratio’ ≥ 0.60 were obtained for the final 10 items and Content Validity Index’ = 0.90. The average difficulty index of items was 0.40, and there were significant differences (Kruskall–Wallis, p < 0.001) in the discrimination test. Factor analysis demonstrated three main components. Conclusions A valid and reliable 10-item Spanish questionnaire was designed to measure pregnant women’s oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices.