scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Moderate- to High-Severity Wildfire on a Disturbance-Dependent Flycatcher in Northwest California

The Auk ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1102-1113
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Meehan ◽  
T. Luke George
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
High Severity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nest Loss ◽  
Short Term Effects

Abstract Previous studies have shown Olive-sided Flycatchers (Contopus cooperi) to be associated with burned forest, which suggests that wildfire is beneficial to the species. To examine that more closely, we studied the short-term effects (first two years after disturbance) of moderate- to high-severity wildfire on Olive-sided Flycatchers breeding in northwestern California. During summers of 2000 and 2001, we investigated distribution of and compared the relative nest loss, foraging rates, and aerial arthropod biomass at Olive-sided Flycatcher territories in burned and adjacent unburned forest. The probability of postfire site occupancy was best predicted by the presence of pre-existing forest edges (odds ratio = 8:1). Probability of relative nest loss was much higher in the presence of fire (odds ratio = 9:1). Adult female peak foraging rates were nearly twice as high in unburned (2000 = 2.1 attacks min−1, 2001 = 2.5) as in burned (2000 = 1.0, 2001 = 1.5) territories, and relative aerial arthropod biomass was nearly twice as high in unburned (2000 = 1,909 mg 2 m−2 40 days−1, 2001 = 3,200) as in burned (2000 = 1,105, 2001 = 1,751) territories. Although Olive-sided Flycatchers occupied recently burned areas, fire had apparent negative effects on reproduction. Poor reproduction appeared to be partially related to reduced food availability in recently burned areas. Our data suggest a need for detailed investigations of the relationship between Olive-sided Flycatchers and wildfire as postfire forest regeneration progresses.

Wildfire and Postfire Restoration Action Effects on Microclimate and Seedling Pine Tree Survivorship

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Brown ◽  
Ivana Mali ◽  
Michael R.J. Forstner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Postfire Management

Abstract Through modification of structural characteristics, ecological processes such as fire can affect microhabitat parameters, which in turn can influence community composition dynamics. The prevalence of high-severity forest fires is increasing in the southern and western United States, creating the necessity to better understand effects of high-severity fire, and subsequent postfire management actions, on forest ecosystems. In this study we used a recent high-severity wildfire in the Lost Pines ecoregion of Texas to assess effects of the wildfire and postfire clearcutting on six microclimate parameters: air temperature, absolute humidity, mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, soil temperature, and soil moisture. We also assessed differences between burned areas and burned and subsequently clearcut areas for short-term survivorship of loblolly pine Pinus taeda seedling trees. We found that during the summer months approximately 2 y after the wildfire, mean and maximum wind speed differed between unburned and burned areas, as well as burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas. Our results indicated air temperature, absolute humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture did not differ between unburned and burned areas, or burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas, during the study period. We found that short-term survivorship of loblolly pine seedling trees was influenced primarily by soil type, but was also lower in clearcut habitat compared with habitat containing dead standing trees. Ultimately, however, the outcome of the reforestation initiative will likely depend primarily on whether or not the trees can survive drought conditions in the future, and this study indicates there is flexibility in postfire management options prior to reseeding. Further, concerns about negative wildfire effects on microclimate parameters important to the endangered Houston toad Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis were not supported in this study.

The RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE) With Therapist-Assisted Interpretation: Short-Term Effects on Premarital Relationships

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffry H. Larson ◽  
Rebekka S. Vatter ◽  
Richard C. Galbraith ◽  
Thomas B. Holman ◽  
Robert F. Stahmann
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Premarital Relationships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Short Term Effects

Short term effects of limb autotomy on immune function and disease resistance of Portunus trituberculatus (Brachyura, Portunidae)

Crustaceana ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-197
Author(s):  
Xujie Wang ◽  
Yingying Peng ◽  
Huaihua Yu ◽  
Wenjun Xu ◽  
Hui Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Portunus Trituberculatus ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term Effects

Abstract Crustaceans usually autotomize their limbs in response to physical or physiological threats. In this study, the short term effects of different degrees of autotomy on immune function and disease resistance of Portunus trituberculatus were studied by autotomizing one limb (mild autotomy) or four limbs (severe autotomy). The results indicate that the total haemocyte count (THC) of these crabs showed a tendency to decrease rapidly at first, then increase, and then decrease after mild autotomy and severe autotomy, but the THC changes for individuals with mild autotomy lagged relatively behind. The haemocyte compositions of the crabs also changed greatly after limb autotomy; especially in the severe autotomy group, the proportion of large granular cells and non-granular cells increased significantly within 0.5 h and 2 h after treatment, and the proportion of small particle cells clearly decreased. From the changes in related immune enzyme activities, the effect of autotomy on the activity of haemolymph superoxide dismutase (SOD) in P. trituberculatus was notably low, but had a greater influence on the activities of phenoloxidase (PO), lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). Among these activities, PO activity decreased significantly within 1 h after treatment and then gradually recovered, LZM activity began to rise continuously within 4 h of autotomy, and both ACP and AKP activity increased immediately after treatment and then gradually decreased. Compared with the individuals with severe autotomy, the haemolymph immunoenzymatic activity of the mild autotomy crabs was slight and slower. In addition, limb autotomy directly affects the disease resistance of P. trituberculatus, especially for the case of severe autotomy, i.e., the resistance of P. trituberculatus to disease is significantly weakened, and the probability of death greatly increases. On the whole, P. trituberculatus could respond to the short term negative effects of limb autotomy by corresponding physiological regulation mechanisms, but the disease resistance was still reduced. This study showed that the self-regulation ability of P. trituberculatus in response to limb autotomy was limited, especially in the case of severe autotomy.

Social Support and Success at Stopping Smoking

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia May ◽  
Robert West ◽  
Peter Hajek ◽  
Andy McEwen ◽  
Hayden McRobbie
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article characterises the social support received by a large sample of smokers attempting to stop and the relationship between this and the outcome of their attempt. A survey was conducted of 928 smokers attending a group-based program. Smoking among colleagues and a perception of having someone to turn to predicted outcome at the end of treatment, 4 weeks from the quit date (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, p = .008 and OR = 1.31, p = .003 respectively) Among those who abstained for the first week, smoking among colleagues and the frequency with which they had been offered cigarettes predicted outcome at the end of treatment (OR = 0.81, p = .04 and OR = 0.73, p = .01 respectively). There were no significant social support correlates of cessation for 26 weeks. Social support has a role to play in the short-term, but in the context of a group-based treatment program appears not to be related to long-term success.

Election boycott in a hybrid regime: The case of 2020 parliamentary elections in Serbia

2021 ◽  
pp. 2336825X2110091
Author(s):  
Dejan Bursać ◽  
Dušan Vučićević
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Regimes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Hybrid Regime ◽  
Progressive Party ◽  
Ruling Party ◽  
Short Term Effects

The 2020 elections in Serbia were held on 21st of June, as the first elections in Europe since the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic. The pre-electoral period was marked by the announcement of boycott from opposition, followed by a number of attempts of ruling party to mitigate the potential negative effects. The decision of opposition to restrain from participation came as a response to the long-term accusations of heavily biased electoral and media conditions, which culminated in EU-mediated (but largely unsuccessful) roundtable talks in 2019. On a larger scale, the administration headed by the President Aleksandar Vučić is becoming increasingly authoritarian, with several indices now classifying Serbia as a hybrid regime. As expected, the elections brought a convincing victory to Vučić’s Serbian Progressive Party, which won 188 out of 250 seats. Despite the overwhelming triumph, government was formed more than four months later. This paper is contributing to the literature on actors’ strategies in hybrid regimes. Although only short-term effects of the boycott could be assessed, the 2020 elections in Serbia demonstrate that legitimacy of the regime cannot be endangered if the opposition is not supported by international actors, and moreover, that the election results have only strengthened the regime.

scholarly journals The Effect Of The Relationships Between Organisations And Their Suppliers On The Implementation Of Purchasing Marketing Strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matjaz Irsic
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Marketing ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Business Relationship ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Competitive Position ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Short Term Effects

The article deals with different factors determining relationships of large Slovenian organisations (with over 500 employees) with their strategic suppliers and their influence on the frequency of implementations of purchasing marketing strategies. The factors dealt with are: the quality of the relationship between the organisation and its strategic supplier (suppliers activities, attractiveness of supply for the organisation and the competitive position of the organisation on the supply market), bargaining power of the organisation with respect to the supplier (the organisation's risk orientation, its orientation towards cooperation and the size of its bargaining power) and the quantity of the relationship (the size of transactional assets). The research showed that large organisations in Slovenia are unlikely to develop such purchasing marketing strategies characteristic of the so-called relationship marketing with their strategic suppliers, with which they have long-term business relationship. The influence of measured factors on the frequency of the implementation of individual purchasing marketing strategies exists, with a stronger impact of factors with short-term effects on the organisation; hence the surveyed organisations are still more oriented towards reaching short-term efficiency instead of long-term success.

scholarly journals Effect of Covid-19 in Jordan: Conceptual Analysis of Different Economic Sectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Saddam Ali Shatnawi ◽  
Bilal Khalaf Sakarneh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Short Term Effects

Jordan, similar to other nations around the globe, has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic cut across Jordanian service, banking, insurance, and industrial sectors. The spread of the virus and attempts to control it have generated both social and economic turbulence, turmoil, disorder, uncertainty, and uneasiness in the country. The government of Jordan acted promptly in March 2020 by ordering a national lockdown to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on these economic sectors. The COVID-19 has had both direct and indirect negative effects on these sectors, which are projected to vary from the short to the long term. It is possible to measure the short-term effects as seen in this conceptual work. Some of the short-term effects anticipated include economic recession, high unemployment rate, high inflation, etc. In conclusion, these sectors will continue to encounter challenges because of the ongoing economic slowdown in Jordan due to lockdown and other social measures put in place by the government. Currently, there is yet to be a tentative and complete statistical prediction of the negative economic effects and cost of COVID-19 in Jordan, particularly on its sectors of the economy.

Frailty Is Associated With Early Hospital Readmission in Older Medical Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary R. Stillman ◽  
Andrew N. Stillman ◽  
Michael S. Beecher
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hospital Readmission ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Early Readmission ◽  
Comorbidity Index ◽  
The Relationship

Given the pervasiveness of frailty and its negative effects on health care–related outcomes, we evaluated patient frailty and comorbidity and determined the relationship between these measures and the probability of early readmission and length of hospital stay. Our retrospective analysis includes 435 patients evaluated using the Reported Edmonton Frailty Scale and the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index. We found that frailty as measured by the Reported Edmonton Frailty Scale was a significant predictor of hospital readmission and length of stay, and frailty outperformed the explanatory power of our comorbidity metric. One unit of increase in the Reported Edmonton Frailty Scale increased the odds of readmission by a factor of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.04, 1.20]), and an increase of 10 units tripled the odds of readmission (odds ratio = 3.02, 95% CI: [1.48, 6.24]). These findings underscore the importance of prompt identification and management of frailty by bedside clinicians.

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