scholarly journals Muscadine Grape and Wine Polyphenols Alleviated the Severity of Collagen Induced Arthritis in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 308-308
Author(s):  
Lindsey Christman ◽  
Taylor Washington ◽  
Liwei Gu
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 ◽  
Arthritic Score ◽  
Wine Polyphenols ◽  
Muscadine Grape

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of concentrated muscadine grape polyphenols (MGP) and muscadine wine polyphenols (MWP) on the onset and progression of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods MGP and MWP were concentrated using Amberlite XAD16N resin. Polyphenol composition was determined on HPLC. Male DBA/1 mice were divided into four treatment groups as (1) healthy control, (2) CIA control, (3) CIA + MWP, and (4) CIA + MGP. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of type II collagen on days 0 and day 21. Mice in groups 3 and 4 were gavaged with MWP and MGP using a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for a total of 21 days. Severity of CIA was evaluated using clinical arthritic score and inflammation in the hind-paws. Plasma levels of cytokines, proteases, and anti-collagen antibody were measured using ELISA. Results MGP and MWP contained anthocyanin 3, 5-diglucosides, flavonols, and ellagic acid. Mice in the CIA control group had an onset of arthritis on day 18, which was delayed to day 22 and 24 by MWP and MGP, respectively (P < 0.05). Severity of arthritis was much lower in mice gavaged with muscadine polyphenols after the onset. On day 42, the average arthritic score of mice in the CIA control group progressed to 7.75 on a scale of 0–16, while MGP and MWP significantly reduced this score to 3.75 and 4.00, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, MGP and MWP significantly reduced the plasma concentration of TNF-α, IL-6, anti-collagen antibodies, and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in CIA mice but not to the same level of healthy mice. The plasma concentration of IL-17 was drastically elevated in CIA mice, but it was not affected by MWP or MGP like other cytokines. This suggested that muscadine polyphenols had limited impact on the Th17 cells in the immune system. Mice gavaged with MPG and MWP had comparable plasma cytokine content, suggesting similar anti-inflammation activity. Conclusions Muscadine grape and wine polyphenols blunt the development of arthritis in mice by reducing the levels of key inflammatory cytokines, antibodies, and proteases, and may offer a promising dietary approach to manage arthritic symptoms. Funding Sources Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service and Florida Viticulture Advisory Council.

scholarly journals IL-6 Promotes Islet β-Cell Dysfunction in Rat Collagen-Induced Arthritis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Jin ◽  
Yaogui Ning ◽  
Haotong Zhou ◽  
Youlian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Abnormal Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Pancreas Islet ◽  
Related Enzyme

The aim of this study was to explore the possible mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis- (RA-) related abnormal glucose metabolism. The model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established by intradermal injection of type II collagen into Wistar rats; complete Freund’s adjuvant injections were used as the control group. Fasting plasma glucose (FBG) was measured by the glucose oxidase method. Fasting insulin (FIns) and the expressions of IL-6 were detected by ELISA. Islet caspase-3 was examined by immunohistochemistry. On day 17 after immunization, FBG of the CIA group showed an elevated FBG value compared with the control group. Meanwhile, the FIns of group CIA was lower when compared with the control group. Interestingly, the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 expression was significantly increased when compared with the control group. As expected, the abnormal glucose metabolism was accompanied by the increased IL-6 expression. Furthermore, in line with the upregulated IL-6 expression, the apoptosis related enzyme caspase-3 was also markedly increased. These data showed that the elevated FBG in CIA may be associated with the reduced FIns level secondary to the overapoptosis of pancreas islet cells induced by IL-6.

scholarly journals Berberine Delays Onset of Collagen-Induced Arthritis through T Cell Suppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3522
Author(s):  
Alexandra A. Vita ◽  
Hend Aljobaily ◽  
David O. Lyons ◽  
Nicholas A. Pullen
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Preclinical Phase ◽  
T Cell Suppression ◽  
Cell Suppression ◽  
Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant

There is evidence that berberine (BBR), a clinically relevant plant compound, ameliorates clinically apparent collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in vivo. However, to date, there are no studies involving the use of BBR which explore its prophylactic potential in this model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to determine if prophylactic BBR use during the preclinical phase of collagen-induced arthritis would delay arthritic symptom onset, and to characterize the cellular mechanism underlying such an effect. DBA/1J mice were injected with an emulsion of bovine type II collagen (CII) and complete Freund’s adjuvant (day 0) and a booster injection of CII in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (day 18) to induce arthritis. Mice were then given i.p. injections of 1 mg/kg/day of BBR or PBS (vehicle with 0.01% DMSO) from days 0 to 28, were left untreated (CIA control), or were in a non-arthritic control group (n = 15 per group). Incidence of arthritis in BBR-treated mice was 50%, compared to 90% in both the CIA and PBS controls. Populations of B and T cells from the spleens and draining lymph nodes of mice were examined on day 14 (n = 5 per group) and day 28 (n = 10 per group). BBR-treated mice had significantly reduced populations of CD4+Th and CD4+CXCR5+ Tfh cells, and an increased proportion of Foxp3+ Treg at days 14 and 28, as well as reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD154 at both endpoints. The effect seen on T cell populations and co-stimulatory molecule expression in BBR-treated mice was not mirrored in CD19+ B cells. Additionally, BBR-treated mice experienced reduced anti-CII IgG2a and anti-CII total IgG serum concentrations. These results indicate a potential role for BBR as a prophylactic supplement for RA, and that its effect may be mediated specifically through T cell suppression. However, the cellular effector involved raises concern for BBR prophylactic use in the context of vaccine efficacy and other primary adaptive immune responses.

Oral Intake of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 Prevents Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIROSHI KANO ◽  
TSUTOMU KANEKO ◽  
SHUICHI KAMINOGAWA
Keyword(s):  
Oral Intake ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Broth Culture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp

Oral intake of some lactic acid bacteria can have beneficial effects on the host by activating immune responses and enhancing resistance to infection by pathogens. In this study, effects of Lactobacillus sp. on the development of autoimmune disease were examined in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA, a model of some types of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), can be induced in DBA/1J mice by immunizing them with bovine type II collagen (bCII). Oral intake of skimmed milk (SM) fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (SM/OLL1073R-1) was found to markedly inhibit the development of CIA in these mice, compared with a control group fed the control foodstuff. The inhibitory effect of SM fermented with L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1102 (SM/OLL1102) or fresh SM was weaker than that of SM/OLL1073R-1. A deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth culture of OLL1073R-1 without any major components of SM had the same inhibitory effect as SM/OLL1073R-1, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of SM/OLL1073R-1 is attributable not only to SM components but also to OLL1073R-1 cells, their metabolites, or both. We found that SM/OLL1073R-1 and SM caused reduced secretion of the cytokine IFN-γ by lymph node cells (LNCs) in response to bCII. However, SM/OLL1102 did not affect the secretion of IFN-γ. A polysaccharide fraction secreted by OLL1073R-1 also exhibited the inhibitory effects on both development of CIA and secretion of IFN-γ.

scholarly journals Effects of the Cathepsin K Inhibitor ONO-5334 and Concomitant Use of ONO-5334 with Methotrexate on Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Cynomolgus Monkeys

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamada ◽  
Hiroshi Mori ◽  
Yasutomo Nakanishi ◽  
Satoshi Nishikawa ◽  
Yasuaki Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Joint Destruction ◽  
Cathepsin K ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cathepsin K Inhibitor

We examined whether the cathepsin K inhibitor, ONO-5334, administered alone or in combination with methotrexate (MTX), could ameliorate joint destruction evoked by collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in female cynomolgus monkeys. CIA was induced by immunizing with bovine type II collagen. ONO-5334 (30 mg/kg/day) was orally administered once daily and MTX (10 mg/body/day) twice weekly for 9 weeks. X-ray (evaluation of joint destruction) and swelling (inflammatory) scores of proximal interphalangeal (PIP), distal interphalangeal (DIP), and metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints were evaluated. Urinary concentrations of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) and type II collagen (CTX-II) were measured. Arthritis, accompanied by bone and cartilage destruction, was successfully induced in this collagen-induced arthritis monkey model. ONO-5334 showed no suppressive effect on joint swelling, while the joint swelling scores in the MTX and combination (ONO-5334 + MTX) groups were less than 50% compared with the control group. ONO-5334 decreased X-ray score by a mean of 64% (p<0.05 vs the control group), and MTX also decreased in X-ray score by a mean of 46% but with no statistical significance. Combination of ONO-5334 and MTX further decreased the X-ray score by 28% over MTX group (74% reduction vs the control group, p<0.01). Maximum increase in CTX-I (10-fold) and CTX-II (7-fold) compared to baseline was observed at 7 and 3 weeks after the first sensitization, respectively. After treatment with ONO-5334 alone or in combination with MTX, concentrations were maintained near baseline for both markers. In conclusion, ONO-5334 prevented joint destruction but not joint inflammation in this monkey CIA model. Concomitant use of ONO-5334 with MTX reduced architectural joint destruction compared to MTX alone; therefore, ONO-5334 may help to prevent joint destruction in combination with MTX for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Licorice and Roasted Licorice Extracts on TPA-Induced Acute Inflammation and Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki Rim Kim ◽  
Chan-Kwon Jeong ◽  
Kwang-Kyun Park ◽  
Jong-Hoon Choi ◽  
Jung Han Yoon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Phorbol Ester ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Human Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice (LE) and roated licorice (rLE) extracts determined in the murine phorbol ester-induced acute inflammation model and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis. rLE possessed greater activity than LE in inhibiting phorbol ester-induced ear edema. Oral administration of LE or rLE reduced clinical arthritis score, paw swelling, and histopathological changes in a murine CIA. LE and rLE decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression in the joints. Cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to type II collagen or lipopolysaccharide stimulation were suppressed in spleen cells from LE or rLE-treated CIA mice. Furthermore, LE and rLE treatment prevented oxidative damages in liver and kidney tissues of CIA mice. Taken together, LE and rLE have benefits in protecting against both acute inflammation and chronic inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis. rLE may inhibit the acute inflammation more potently than LE.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of 68Ga-Citrate PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the Diagnosis of Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Wang ◽  
Liang Cai ◽  
Tingting Xu ◽  
Dan Tang ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Fdg Pet Ct

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by systemic, symmetrical, and erosive synovitis. RA is one of the most common disabling diseases in the clinic. The main clinical intervention strategies are early diagnosis and early treatment. This study aims to predict the diagnostic value of 68Ga-citrate and 18F-FDG PET/CT in RA by comparing and analyzing the value of 68Ga-citrate and 18F-FDG PET/CT for diagnosing type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Some CIA models were established. Normal rats were selected as the control group, and 23 days and 40 days were selected as the early and late time points of arthritis, respectively. The semiquantitative analysis of CIA rats was carried out with 68Ga-citrate PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT, and the ratio of the maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) values in the regions of interest (ROIs) of the hind foot ankle joint and thigh muscle was calculated and statistically analyzed. The distribution of CIA rats in vivo at the 68Ga-citrate 90 min time point was studied, and the ankle tissues were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. 68Ga-citrate PET/CT is obviously superior to 18F-FDG PET/CT for CIA imaging, and the statistical results show that the difference between the two examination methods is statistically significant (P<0.001). The uptake of these two radiopharmaceuticals showed the same trend in arthritis rats with different scores. The distribution of 68Ga-citrate at 90 min is consistent with the trend shown by 68Ga-citrate PET/CT. 68Ga-citrate PET/CT can reflect the inflammatory activity of affected joints in CIA rats earlier and more sensitively than 18F-FDG PET/CT, and this imaging advantage continues until the later stage of inflammation. Therefore, 68Ga-citrate PET/CT is worthy of further promotion and application in the clinical diagnosis of RA.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bee Venom on Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (03) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Dong Lee ◽  
Su-Young Kim ◽  
Tae-Woo Kim ◽  
Sang-Hoon Lee ◽  
Hyung-In Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acupuncture Therapy ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Bee Venom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Collagen Injection ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Bee venom (BV) has been used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in traditional Oriental medicine, especially in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We previously reported that the BV injection into a traditional acupuncture point (Zusanli) reduced arthritis-associated edema and nociceptive responses in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats (Kwon et al., 2001). This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-cytokine effect of BV on a murine type-II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Male mice were immunized by spontaneous injection of 100 μg of an emulsion of bovine type-II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), with a booster injection after 2 weeks. In the experimental group, 0.1 ml BV was injected at acupuncture point (Zusanli) near both knees twice a week for a total of 5 times. In the control group, normal saline was injected at the same frequencies. These injections began 5 weeks after the first collagen injection. Starting the 3rd week after the first collagen injection, we examined limb swelling and severity of arthritis twice a week. At 8 weeks, mice were sacrificed and synovial tissue was examined with the light microscope and serum cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) were measured by ELISA. The incidence of arthritis, the mean arthritis index and the number of arthritic limbs were significantly lower in the treatment compared to the control group (63% versus 75%, 3.4% versus 8.5%, 23% versus 75%, respectively). Among the serum proinflammatory cytokines, the production of TNF-α in the BV group was suppressed compared to the control group (59+/-4.5 versus 99.5+/-6.5, p <0.05), but IL-1β was not suppressed. The examination of the histopathology of the joints of murine CIA showed decreased inflammation signs and less lymphocyte infiltration after BV acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture therapy with BV suppressed the development of arthritis and caused inhibition of the immune responses in type-II collagen-induced arthritis.

The Effect of Da-Fang-Feng-Tang on Treatment of Type II Collagen-induced Arthritis in DBA/1 Mice

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Rong Wang ◽  
Naoki Ishiguro ◽  
Eiji Yamada ◽  
Yoshihiro Nishida ◽  
Koji Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Bone Erosion ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Igg Antibody

Da-Fang-Feng-Tang (DFFr), which is believed to be effective for treating human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was given to DBA/1 mice at the onset of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to examine its effect. Granules of the crude DFFT extract were administered by gastric gavage at a dose of 1.6 g/kg/day for 12 weeks, starting the day CIA began. The levels of anticollagen IgG antibody were significantly decreased in the sera of the DFFT-treated group compared with the control group from weeks 2 to 7 after the onset of CIA. The severity of arthritis in the DFFT-treated group was markedly alleviated when compared with the control group. In addition, histological examination of the DFFT-treated group showed less cartilage and bone erosion. These results suggest that administration of DFFT suppressed the development of CIA in mice and support the belief that DFFT is effective in treating human RA.

scholarly journals Novel Compound Q-1 Alleviates Type II Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats through the NF-κB Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ting Xu ◽  
Jia-Chen Guo ◽  
Sha-Sha Wu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xiao-Long Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Liver Homogenate ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Protein Levels

Background. Q-1 is a novel compound extracted from the Miao medicine Tiekuaizi. Although Q-1 is known to be a coumarin derivative, its structure has not been deposited in the ACX library. Our previous study showed that Q-1 inhibits the activity of inflammatory cells. This study explores the efficacy of Q-1 in regulating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The findings show that Q-1 acts through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Methods. The effects of Q-1 were explored using a bovine type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. The CIA rats were intragastrically administered with high (30 mg·kg−1) or low (15 mg·kg−1) doses of Q-1. The control group was administered with an equal volume of drinking water, while the positive control group was administered with Tripterygium glycoside (9.45 mg·kg−1) for 28 consecutive days. The arthritis indices and ankle joint swelling rates were determined. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in serum and sialic acid (SA) in liver homogenate were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological features of the ankle joint were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The IκB, P-IκB, P65, and P-P65 protein levels in synovial tissue were assayed by western blotting. Results. The arthritis index, ankle joint swelling rate, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 levels in serum, SA level in liver tissue, and IκB, P-IκB, P65, and P-P65 protein levels in synovial tissues were significantly higher ( P < 0.01 ) in the CIA model compared to the control group. RA was successfully replicated by the CIA model, as shown by the joint swelling results and histopathological sections of the ankle. Notably, all the above indicators decreased significantly ( P < 0.01 ) after treatment with Q-1 compared to the model. In addition, animals treated with Q-1 showed lower inflammation in the ankle joints than the model rats. Conclusion. The findings indicate that Q-1 effectively inhibited RA in rats by downregulating IκB, P-IκB, P65, and P-P65, inhibiting the excessive release of inflammatory factors, and inhibiting the overactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

CGS 21680, an Agonist of the Adenosine (A2A) Receptor, Reduces Progression of Murine Type II Collagen-induced Arthritis

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 2119-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMANUELA MAZZON ◽  
EMANUELA ESPOSITO ◽  
DANIELA IMPELLIZZERI ◽  
ROSANNA DI PAOLA ◽  
ALESSIA MELANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Adenosine A2a Receptor ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collagen Induced Arthritis ◽  
Cgs 21680 ◽  
A2a Receptor ◽  
Adenosine A2a

Objective.The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of an adenosine A2A receptor agonist, 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylethylamino]-50 ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680), on modulation of the inflammatory response in mice subjected to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).Methods.CIA was induced by intradermal injection of 100 μl of emulsion containing 100 μg of bovine type II collagen (CII) and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) at the base of the tail. On Day 21, a second injection of CII in CFA was administered. Immunized mice developed erosive hind paw arthritis. Macroscopic clinical evidence of CIA first appeared as periarticular erythema and edema in the hind paws. The incidence of CIA was 100% by Day 27 in the CII challenged mice and the severity of CIA progressed over a 35-day period, with radiographic evaluation revealing focal resorption of bone. The histopathology of CIA included erosion of cartilage at the joint margins.Results.Treatment of mice with CGS 21680 starting at the onset of arthritis (Day 25) ameliorated the clinical signs at Days 26–35 and improved histological status in the joint and paw. The degree of oxidative and nitrosative damage was significantly reduced in CGS 21680-treated mice as indicated by elevated levels of malondialdehyde, formation of nitrotyrosine, and activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-6 were also reduced by CGS 21680. Treatment with CGS 21680 also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2.Conclusion.We demonstrate that CGS 21680 exerts an antiinflammatory effect during chronic inflammation and ameliorates the tissue damage associated with CIA.

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