Acute Ingestion of a Mixed Flavonoid and Caffeine Supplement Increases Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Adult Women: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial (OR29-07-19)

Abstract Objectives This randomized, double-blinded, crossover study measured the acute effect of ingesting a mixed flavonoid-caffeine (MFC) supplement compared to placebo (PL) on energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FATox) in a metabolic chamber with pre-menopausal women (N = 19, mean ± SD, age 30.7 ± 8.0 y, BMI 25.7 ± 3.4 kg/m2). Methods The MFC supplement (678 mg flavonoids, split dose 8:30 am, 1:00 pm) contained quercetin (200 mg), green tea catechins (368 mg, 180 mg EGCG), and anthocyanins (128 mg) from bilberry extract, and 214 mg caffeine. Participants were measured twice in a metabolic chamber for a day, 4 weeks apart, with primary outcomes including EE for 5 defined time segments and 22 h (22hEE, 8:30–6:30 am), substrate utilization from the respiratory quotient (RQ), physical activity counts, and plasma caffeine levels (4:00 pm). Areas under the curve (AUC) for metabolic data from the MFC and PL trials were calculated for 5 time segments using the trapezoid rule, with a mixed linear model (GLM) used to evaluate the overall treatment effect, and paired t-tests used to compare data for each time segment. Results EE and oxygen consumption for the MFC trial were significantly higher than PL (p < 0.001) when AUCs were compared as a whole and for each defined segment except during sleep. 22hEE with MFC was significantly higher than PL (1582 ± 143, 1535 ± 154 kcal/d, respectively, P = 0.003), with an average trial difference of 46.4 ± 57.8 kcal/d. Activity counts were not significantly different between trials (P = 0.671). RQ values were similar between the MFC and PL trials (0.819 ± 0.021, 0.826 ± 0.022, respectively, P = 0.281). FATox trended higher for MFC when evaluated using GLM (99.2 ± 14.0, 92.4 ± 14.4 grams/22 h, P = 0.054). Plasma caffeine levels were significantly higher in the MFC versus PL trial (5031 ± 289, 276 ± 323 ng/ml, respectively, P < 0.001). The trial differences for 22hEE and plasma caffeine were unrelated after controlling for age and body mass (r = −0.249, P = 0.139). Conclusions EE was higher for MFC compared to PL, and similar to effects estimated from previous trials using caffeine alone. A small effect of the MFC on FATox was measured, in contrast to inconsistent findings previously reported for this caffeine dose. The trial variance for 22hEE was not related to the large variance in plasma caffeine levels. Funding Sources Reoxcyn LLC.

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Acute Ingestion of a Mixed Flavonoid and Caffeine Supplement Increases Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Adult Women: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11112665 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2665 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David C. Nieman ◽

Andy Simonson ◽

Camila A. Sakaguchi ◽

Wei Sha ◽

Tondra Blevins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Mixed Linear Model ◽

Adult Women ◽

Split Dose ◽

Metabolic Chamber ◽

Bilberry Extract ◽

Double Blinded

This randomized, double-blinded, crossover study measured the acute effect of ingesting a mixed flavonoid-caffeine (MFC) supplement compared to placebo (PL) on energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FATox) in a metabolic chamber with premenopausal women (n = 19, mean ± SD, age 30.7 ± 8.0 year, BMI 25.7 ± 3.4 kg/m2). The MFC supplement (658 mg flavonoids, split dose 8:30, 13:00) contained quercetin, green tea catechins, and anthocyanins from bilberry extract, and 214 mg caffeine. Participants were measured twice in a metabolic chamber for a day, four weeks apart, with outcomes including 22 h EE (8:30–6:30), substrate utilization from the respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma caffeine levels (16:00), and genotyping for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs762551. Areas under the curve (AUC) for metabolic data from the MFC and PL trials were calculated using the trapezoid rule, with a mixed linear model (GLM) used to evaluate the overall treatment effect. The 22 h oxygen consumption and EE were significantly higher with MFC than PL (1582 ± 143, 1535 ± 154 kcal/day, respectively, p = 0.003, trial difference of 46.4 ± 57.8 kcal/day). FATox trended higher for MFC when evaluated using GLM (99.2 ± 14.0, 92.4 ± 14.4 g/22 h, p = 0.054). Plasma caffeine levels were significantly higher in the MFC versus PL trial (5031 ± 289, 276 ± 323 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). Trial differences for 22 h EE and plasma caffeine were unrelated after controlling for age and body mass (r = −0.249, p = 0.139), and not different for participants with the homozygous allele 1, A/A, compared to C/A and C/C (p = 0.50 and 0.56, respectively). In conclusion, EE was higher for MFC compared to PL, and similar to effects estimated from previous trials using caffeine alone. A small effect of the MFC on FATox was measured, in contrast to inconsistent findings previously reported for this caffeine dose. The trial variance for 22 h EE was not significantly related to the variance in plasma caffeine levels or CYP1A2*1F allele carriers and non-carriers.

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Effects of encapsulated green tea and Guarana extracts containing a mixture of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and caffeine on 24 h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in men

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20051502 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 432-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Sonia Bérubé-Parent ◽

Catherine Pelletier ◽

Jean Doré ◽

Angelo Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Green Tea ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Fixed Dose ◽

Double Blind ◽

Metabolic Chamber ◽

Variable Dose

It has been reported that green tea has a thermogenic effect, due to its caffeine content and probably also to the catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). The main aim of the present study was to compare the effect of a mixture of green tea and Guarana extracts containing a fixed dose of caffeine and variable doses of EGCG on 24 h energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Fourteen subjects took part to this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study. Each subject was tested five times in a metabolic chamber to measure 24 h energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and blood pressure. During each stay, the subjects ingested a capsule of placebo or capsules containing 200 mg caffeine and a variable dose of EGCG (90, 200, 300 or 400 mg) three times daily, 30 min before standardized meals. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure increased significantly by about 750 kJ with all EGCG–caffeine mixtures compared with placebo. No effect of the EGCG–caffeine mixture was observed for lipid oxidation. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by about 7 and 5 mmHg, respectively, with the EGCG–caffeine mixtures compared with placebo. This increase was significant only for 24 h diastolic blood pressure. The main finding of the study was the increase in 24 h energy expenditure with the EGCG–caffeine mixtures. However, this increase was similar with all doses of EGCG in the mixtures.

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Metabolic Differences During Submaximal, Steady-State Aerobic Exercise between Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab041_039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 524-524

Author(s):

Marni Shoemaker ◽

Vikkie Mustad ◽

Suzette Pereira ◽

Zachary Gillen ◽

Brianna McKay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Steady State ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Metabolic Flexibility ◽

Equal Distribution ◽

Aerobic Activity ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Submaximal Aerobic Exercise

Abstract Objectives To examine differences in metabolic flexibility during submaximal aerobic exercise in sarcopenic (S) and non-sarcopenic (NS) older adults. Methods Twenty-two older adults (mean age ± SE = 77 ± 2) were categorized as NS (n = 11) and S (n = 11) based on grip strength and muscle mass. Participants completed an aerobic, steady-state 10-min walk on a treadmill at 50 – 60% of their estimated V̇O2 max. Indirect calorimetry was assessed at baseline (fasted) and during the treadmill test to analyze respiratory quotient (RQ), carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and fat oxidation, and % contributions of CHO and fat oxidation to energy expenditure (%CHO and %FAT, respectively). Two-way mixed factorial ANOVAS (time x group) and follow up t-tests were used to examine between group differences. Results At baseline, RQ was higher (0.76 ± 0.01 vs. 0.72 ± 0.01, p = 0.025) and fat oxidation was lower (0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.11 ± 0.01 g · min−1, p = 0.003) in S than NS individuals. The S group had significantly greater %CHO versus %FAT from 6 – 10 min of exercise (p = 0.005–0.014), whereas NS individuals maintained an approximately equal distribution of %CHO and %FAT until 8 – 10 min (p = 0.034–0.047). RQ (0.90 ± 0.06 vs. 0.86 ± 0.01, p = 0.039) and %CHO (70% vs. 57%, p = 0.046) were greater in S compared to NS at 8 min of exercise. Fat oxidation was consistently higher in NS than S individuals from 4 - 10 of min exercise (p = 0.016–0.045). Conclusions Since skeletal muscle utilizes a large amount of energy during exercise, metabolic flexibility is key to efficiently utilize both CHO and fat sources to generate energy to match metabolic demands. Our data reveals that NS individuals were able to rely on both fuel sources during submaximal exercise indicating metabolic flexibility. Typically, exercising at 50 – 60% V̇O2 max utilizes 50% CHO and 50% fat contributions to energy expenditure, as observed in NS individuals. On the other hand, in S individuals, CHO composed a much larger proportion of total energy usage during exercise. These findings suggest that S individuals have low metabolic flexibility with higher dependence on CHO for energy during low-moderate aerobic activity. Funding Sources This study was funded by Abbott Nutrition.

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Metabolic Equivalents of Selected Sedentary and Physical Activities in Chinese Youth

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2015-0742 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (s1) ◽

pp. S48-S52 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yong Gao ◽

Haichun Sun ◽

Jie Zhuang ◽

Jian Zhang ◽

Lynda Ransdell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Computer Games ◽

Resting Metabolic Rate ◽

Physical Activities ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Chinese Youth ◽

Metabolic Chamber ◽

Metabolic Equivalents ◽

Watching Tv ◽

Jump Rope

Background:This study determined the metabolic equivalents (METs) of several activities typically performed by Chinese youth.Methods:Thirty youth (12 years) performed 7 activities that reflected their daily activities while Energy Expenditure (EE) was measured in a metabolic chamber.Results:METs were calculated as activity EE divided by participant’s measured resting metabolic rate. A MET value ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 was obtained for sleeping, watching TV, playing computer games, reading and doing homework. Performing radio gymnastics had a MET value of 2.9. Jumping rope at low effort required 3.1 METs. Except for watching TV, METs for other activities in this study were lower than Youth Compendium values.Conclusions:The results provide empirical evidence for more accurately assessing EE of activities commonly performed by Chinese youth. This is the first study to determine METs for radio gymnastics and jump rope in Chinese youth.

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β-Adrenergically Stimulated Fat Oxidation Is Diminished in Middle-Aged Compared to Young Subjects*

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.84.10.6043 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 84 (10) ◽

pp. 3764-3769

Author(s):

E. E. Blaak ◽

M. A. van Baak ◽

W. H. M. Saris

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Adrenergic Stimulation ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Young Subjects

Abstract The effect of aging on β-adrenergically mediated substrate utilization was investigated in nine young (25.2 ± 1.7 yr old) and eight older males (52.9 ± 2.1 yr old), matched for body weight and body composition. In a first experiment, the nonselectiveβ -agonist isoprenaline (ISO) was infused in increasing standardized doses, and during each infusion period energy expenditure and substrate utilization were determined by indirect calorimetry. In a second experiment, forearm skeletal muscle metabolism was studied during a standardized infusion dose of ISO (19 ng/kg fat-free mass·min). During β-adrenergic stimulation there was an increased carbohydrate oxidation (at an ISO infusion dose of 24 ng/kg fat-free mass·min, 31% vs. 21% of total energy expenditure; P < 0.05) and a decreased fat oxidation (51 vs. 62 of total energy expenditure; P < 0.05) in older compared to young subjects. Skeletal muscle lactate release significantly increased in the older subjects (from −175 ± 32 to −366 ± 66 nmol/100 mL forearm tissue·min), whereas there was no change in young subjects (from− 32 ± 21 to 23 ± 57 nmol/100 mL forearm tissue·min; interaction group × ISO, P < 0.01). Additionally, there was a tendency toward a blunted ISO-induced increase in nonesterified fatty acid uptake in the older subjects (interaction group × ISO, P = 0.062). Thus, middle-aged subjects have a blunted ability to oxidize fat during β-adrenergic stimulation compared to young subjects. This diminished fat oxidation may be an important etiological factor in the age-related increase in body fatness and obesity by favoring fat storage above oxidation.

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Changes in 24-h substrate oxidation in older and younger men in response to exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.01455.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 103 (5) ◽

pp. 1576-1582 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Edward L. Melanson ◽

William T. Donahoo ◽

Gary K. Grunwald ◽

Robert Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Substrate Oxidation ◽

Net Energy ◽

Younger Men ◽

Response To Exercise ◽

Time Point

The purpose of this study was to compare 24-h substrate oxidation in older (OM; 60–75 yr, n = 7) and younger (YM; 20–30 yr, n = 7) men studied on sedentary day (Con) and on a day with exercise (Ex; net energy expenditure = 300 kcal). Plasma glucose and free fatty acids were also measured at several time points during the 24-h measurement. Weight was not different in OM and YM (means ± SD; 84.8 ± 16.9 vs. 81.4 ± 10.4 kg, respectively), although percent body fat was slightly higher in OM (25.9 ± 3.5 vs. 21.9 ± 9.7%; P = 0.17).Values of 24-h energy expenditure did not differ in OM and YM on the Con (means ± SE; 2,449 ± 162 vs. 2,484 ± 104 kcal/day, respectively) or Ex (2,902 ± 154 vs. 2,978 ± 122 kcal/day) days. Under both conditions, 24-h respiratory quotient was significantly lower and fat oxidation significantly higher in OM. Glucose concentrations were not different at any time point, but plasma free fatty acid concentrations were higher in OM, particularly following meals. Thus, under these controlled conditions, 24-h fat oxidation was not reduced and was in fact greater in OM. We speculate that differences in the availability of circulating free fatty acids in the postprandial state contributed to the observed differences in 24-h fat oxidation in OM and YM.

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Metabolic response to feeding in weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and its modulation by a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0980389 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 389-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Matthew D. BARBER ◽

Donald C. MCMILLAN ◽

Tom PRESTON ◽

James A. ROSS ◽

Kenneth C. H. FEARON

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Metabolic Response ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Nutritional Supplement ◽

Healthy Control

Weight-losing patients with advanced cancer often fail to gain weight with conventional nutritional support. This suboptimal response might be explained, in part, by an increased metabolic response to feeding. It has been suggested that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can modify beneficially the metabolic response to cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine the metabolic response to feeding in cancer and the effects of an EPA-enriched oral food supplement on this response. A total of 16 weight-losing, non-diabetic patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma and six healthy, weight-stable controls were studied by indirect calorimetry in the fasting and fed states. Body composition was estimated by bioimpedence analysis. Cancer patients were then given a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement providing 2 g of EPA and 2550 kJ daily, and underwent repeat metabolic study after 3 weeks of such supplementation. At baseline, resting energy expenditure whether expressed per kg body weight, lean body mass or body cell mass was significantly greater in the cancer patients compared with controls. Fat oxidation was significantly higher in the fasting state in cancer patients [median 1.26 g·kg-1·min-1 (interquartile range 0.95–1.38)] than in controls [0.76 g·kg-1·min-1 (0.62–0.92); P < 0.05]. Over the 4 h feeding period, changes in insulin and glucose concentrations in cancer patients suggested relative glucose intolerance. In response to oral meal feeding, the percentage change in the area under the curve of energy expenditure was significantly lower in the cancer patients [median 7.9% (interquartile range 3.4–9.0)] than in controls [12.6% (9.9–15.1); P < 0.01]. After 3 weeks of the EPA-enriched supplement, the body weight of the cancer patients had increased and the energy expenditure in response to feeding had risen significantly [9.6% (6.3–12.4)], such that it was no different from baseline healthy control values. Similarly, fasting fat oxidation fell to 1.02 g·kg-1·min-1 (0.8–1.18), again no longer significantly different from baseline healthy control values. While weight-losing patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have an increased resting energy expenditure and increased fat oxidation, the energy cost of feeding is, in fact, reduced. Provision of a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement results in some normalization of the metabolic response in both the fasted and fed states, in association with an improvement in nutritional status.

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