Beneficial Effects of Consuming a Natural Zero Calorie Sweetener Preload Prior to Lunch on Energy Intake: A Double-blind Randomised Crossover Study (FS18-01-19)

Abstract Objectives Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are zero- or low-calorie alternatives to caloric sugars and substituting caloric sweeteners with NNS is expected to reduce energy intake. The aim of this study was to examine appetite and food intake following the consumption of a beverage preload containing a natural zero calorie sweetener or caloric sweeteners (sugars). Methods This was a randomised controlled double-blind crossover study. Healthy participants (n = 20, 9 males, mean body mass index 21.8 kg/m2) completed five separate visits, corresponding to five study beverages: 330 mL of water (control-no calories and no taste) and either 330 mL of water containing 40 g glucose or sucrose (sweet taste and calories), maltodextrin (calories and no sweet taste), or 240 ppm all natural sweetener, stevia (Truvia RA-95-sweet taste and no calories). Subjective appetite ratings and blood glucose was measured at baseline and then study beverages were administered, with appetite ratings and blood glucose again measured at 15, 30 and 60 minutes. At 30 minutes participants were offered an ad libitum lunch and food intake was measured. Results Stevia and glucose preloads were rated to have equal sweetness levels, while water and maltodextrin the lowest levels of sweetness. Only glucose, sucrose and maltodextrin elevated blood glucose. Both calories and sweet taste affected appetite as there was a significant effect on suppressed subjective appetite ratings following the stevia and caloric preloads compared to water at 15 and 30 minutes postprandially. Compared to water preload, food intake was significantly lower after the consumption of each of the sweet or caloric preloads. Analysis of cumulative energy intake (preload and lunch) showed that total energy intake was lower after the stevia preload compared to the water preload with no differences between the water and caloric preloads (Figure 1). Conclusions This study, found a beneficial effect of a stevia beverage consumed prior to a meal on appetite and subsequent energy intake compared to water. This study was registered in clinicaltrial.gov as NCT03711084. Funding Sources This research was supported by a BBSRC Case Studentship. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Stevia Beverage Consumption prior to Lunch Reduces Appetite and Total Energy Intake without Affecting Glycemia or Attentional Bias to Food Cues: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (5) ◽

pp. 1126-1134 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nikoleta S Stamataki ◽

Corey Scott ◽

Rebecca Elliott ◽

Shane McKie ◽

Douwina Bosscher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Food Intake ◽

Total Energy ◽

Attentional Bias ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Food Cues ◽

Double Blind ◽

Randomized Controlled

ABSTRACT Background Stevia is a zero-calorie alternative to caloric sugars. Substituting caloric sweeteners with noncaloric sweeteners reduces available energy, but their effects on appetite, subsequent food intake, and neurocognitive responses are still unclear. Objective The aim was to examine whether sweetness with or without calories influences food intake, appetite, blood glucose concentrations, and attentional bias (AB) to food cues. Methods This was a randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study. Healthy participants [n = 20; aged 27 ± 5 y, 55% female; BMI (kg/m2): 21.8 ± 1.5] completed 5 visits, consuming 5 study beverages: 330 mL water (control, no sweet taste, no calories) and either 330 mL water containing 40 g glucose or sucrose (sweet taste; calories, both 160 kcal), maltodextrin (no sweet taste; calories, 160 kcal), or 240 ppm stevia (sweet taste, no calories). Glucose and stevia beverages were matched for sweetness. Subjective appetite ratings and blood glucose were measured at baseline and at 15, 30, and 60 min postprandially. At 15 min participants performed a visual-dot probe task to assess AB to food cues; at 30 min, participants were offered an ad libitum lunch; food intake was measured. Results Subjective appetite ratings showed that preload sweetness and calorie content both affected appetite. The total AUC for glycemia was significantly higher after the caloric beverages (mean ± SD: maltodextrin, 441 ± 57.6; glucose, 462 ± 68.1; sucrose, 425 ± 53.6 mmol × min × L−1 ) compared with both stevia (320 ± 34.2 mmol × min × L−1) and water (304 ± 32.0 mmol × min × L−1) (all P < 0.001). Total energy intake (beverage and meal) was significantly lower after the stevia beverage (727 ± 239 kcal) compared with water (832 ± 198 kcal, P = 0.013), with no significant difference between the water and caloric beverages (P = 1.00 for water vs. maltodextrin, glucose, and sucrose). However, food-related AB did not differ across conditions (P = 0.140). Conclusions This study found a beneficial and specific effect of a stevia beverage consumed prior to a meal on appetite and energy intake in healthy adults. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03711084.

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A premeal snack of raisins decreases mealtime food intake more than grapes in young children

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0309 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 382-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Barkha P. Patel ◽

Bohdan Luhovyy ◽

Rebecca Mollard ◽

James E. Painter ◽

G. Harvey Anderson

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Water Control ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Meal Time ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Consumption Experiment ◽

Cumulative Energy Intake ◽

Cumulative Intake

The effect of a premeal snack of grapes, raisins, or a mix of almonds and raisins, compared with a water control, on food intake (FI) was examined in 8- to 11-year-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children. Children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum (Experiment 1: 13 boys, 13 girls) or fixed-calorie (150 kcal; Experiment 2: 13 boys, 13 girls) treatments, followed by an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min later. Appetite was measured throughout the study, and FI was measured at 30 min. The ad libitum consumption (Experiment 1) of raisins reduced pizza intake (p < 0.037), compared with water (26%), grapes (22%), and the mixed snack (15%). Cumulative energy intake (in kcal: snack + pizza) was lower after water and raisins than after either grapes or the mixed snack (p < 0.031). As a fixed-calorie (150 kcal) snack (Experiment 2), raisins reduced pizza intake, compared with water (∼11%, p = 0.005), and resulted in a cumulative intake similar to water; however, both grapes and the mixed snack resulted in higher cumulative intakes (p < 0.015). Appetite was lower after all caloric ad libitum snacks (p < 0.003) and after fixed amounts of grapes and the mixed snack (p < 0.037), compared with water. In conclusion, consumption of a premeal snack of raisins, but not grapes or a mix of raisins and almonds, reduces meal-time energy intake and does not lead to increased cumulative energy intake in children.

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Lesser suppression of energy intake by orally ingested whey protein in healthy older men compared with young controls

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00213.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 309 (8) ◽

pp. R845-R854 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Caroline Giezenaar ◽

Laurence G. Trahair ◽

Rachael Rigda ◽

Amy T. Hutchison ◽

Christine Feinle-Bisset ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Young Male ◽

Older Men ◽

Water Control ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Double Blind ◽

Protein Ingestion

Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the management of malnutrition in young and older people. Protein is the most satiating of the macronutrients in young. It is not known how the effects of oral protein ingestion on energy intake, appetite, and gastric emptying are modified by age. The aim of the study was to determine the suppression of energy intake by protein compared with control and underlying gastric-emptying and appetite responses of oral whey protein drinks in eight healthy older men (69–80 yr) compared with eight young male controls (18–34 yr). Subjects were studied on three occasions to determine the effects of protein loads of 30 g/120 kcal and 70 g/280 kcal compared with a flavored water control-drink (0 g whey protein) on energy intake (ad libitum buffet-style meal), and gastric emptying (three-dimensional-ultrasonography) and appetite (0–180 min) in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Energy intake was suppressed by the protein compared with control ( P = 0.034). Suppression of energy intake by protein was less in older men (1 ± 5%) than in young controls (15 ± 2%; P = 0.008). Cumulative energy intake (meal+drink) on the protein drink days compared with the control day increased more in older (18 ± 6%) men than young (1 ± 3%) controls ( P = 0.008). Gastric emptying of all three drinks was slower in older men (50% gastric-emptying time: 68 ± 5 min) than young controls (36 ± 5 min; P = 0.007). Appetite decreased in young, while it increased in older ( P < 0.05). In summary, despite having slower gastric emptying, elderly men exhibited blunted protein-induced suppression of energy intake by whey protein compared with young controls, so that in the elderly men, protein ingestion increased overall energy intake more than in the young men.

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Effect of commercially available sugar-sweetened beverages on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in girls

10.32920/14669154 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lorianne J. Bennett ◽

Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽

Neil R. Brett ◽

Kelly Poirier ◽

Qing Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Water Control ◽

Short Term ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Beverage Type ◽

Fruit Drink ◽

Cumulative Energy Intake

Background: The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on satiety and short-term food intake (FI) regulation in girls has received little attention. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSBs on subjective appetite and short-term FI in 9–14-year-old girls. The methods we used include using a randomized crossover design in which 28 girls consumed isovolumetric amounts (350 mL) of a fruit drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (224 kcal), or water (control; 0 kcal) on four separate mornings. Subjective appetite and thirst were measured at regular intervals via visual analogue scales (VAS) and FI was assessed at 60 min post-beverage consumption. The results show that subjective appetite and thirst decreased after all beverages, but did not differ among beverages. Short-term FI was suppressed following consumption of chocolate milk (15%; p < 0.001) and cola (11%; p = 0.02) compared to the water control. However, cumulative energy intake (beverage (kcal) + test meal (kcal)) was not affected by beverage type. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola, but not fruit drink, suppressed FI in girls while cumulative FI did not differ among treatments.

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Effect of commercially available sugar-sweetened beverages on subjective appetite and short-term food intake in girls

10.32920/14669154.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lorianne J. Bennett ◽

Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽

Neil R. Brett ◽

Kelly Poirier ◽

Qing Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Water Control ◽

Short Term ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Beverage Type ◽

Fruit Drink ◽

Cumulative Energy Intake

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Pre- and within-meal effects of fluid dairy products on appetite, food intake, glycemia, and regulatory hormones in children

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2016-0251 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 302-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Shirley Vien ◽

Bohdan L. Luhovyy ◽

Barkha P. Patel ◽

Shirin Panahi ◽

Dalia El Khoury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Water Control ◽

Cumulative Energy ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Yogurt Drink

The effect of beverages commonly consumed by children in-between or with meals on short-term food intake (FI) and glycemic control has received little attention. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted in 9- to 14-year-old children following a randomized repeated-measures design. Experiment 1 (n = 32) compared the effects of water (control) and isocaloric (130 kcal) amounts of 2% milk, chocolate milk, yogurt drink, and fruit punch on subjective appetite and FI. Experiment 2 (n = 20) compared the effects of isocaloric (130 kcal) amounts of 2% milk and fruit punch on subjective appetite, FI, and glycemic and appetite hormone responses. One serving of the beverages was given as a pre-meal drink at baseline (0 min) and a second serving 60 min later with an ad libitum pizza meal. Meal FI in experiment 1 was lower by 14% and 10%, respectively, after chocolate milk and yogurt drink (p < 0.001), but not milk, compared with water. Cumulative energy intake (beverages plus meal) was higher after caloric beverages than water. In experiment 2, no differences occurred in pre-meal but post-meal glucose was 83% higher in overweight/obese than normal-weight children (p = 0.02). Milk led to higher pre-meal glucagon-like peptide-1 and post-meal peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) than fruit punch (p < 0.01) but insulin did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, dairy products consumed before and with a meal have more favourable effects on FI, appetite, and satiety hormones than a sugar-sweetened beverage, but all caloric beverages result in more cumulative calories than if water is the beverage.

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The acute effect of D-tagatose on food intake in human subjects

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711450000146x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 227-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Benjamin Buemann ◽

Søren Toubro ◽

Anne Raben ◽

John Blundell ◽

Arne Astrup

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Double Blind ◽

Breakfast Meal ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Osmotic Effects ◽

Randomized Crossover Study

A double-blind randomized crossover study was performed with nineteen normal-weight men to investigate the effect on subsequent ad libitum food intake of replacing 29 g sucrose with 29 g D-TAGATOSE AS SWEETENER TO A BREAKFAST MEAL. d-Tagatose is a malabsorbed stereoisomer of fructose with potential application as a bulk sweetener. Food intake was measured at lunch offered 4 h after the breakfast meal, during the afternoon with access to abundant snacks, and finally at a supper buffet 9 h after the breakfast. Energy intake at lunch and during the snacking period was similar after ingesting the two sugars, while it was 15 % lower after ingesting d-tagatose than with sucrose at supper (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal factors such as the osmotic effects of unabsorbed d-tagatose causing distension of the gut might have mediated the acute appetite-suppressing effect. The present paper also refers to data from a preceding study in which we observed an increased self-reported energy intake after ingestion of d-tagatose compared with sucrose which, in fact, suggests a relative hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose. However, self-reported food intake may be biased by selective under-reporting and this subsequent study with a more controlled assessment of food intake was therefore conducted. This present study did not support any hyperphagic effect of d-tagatose, but rather suggests that d-tagatose may contribute to a reduced energy intake.

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Load-dependent effects of duodenal glucose on glycemia, gastrointestinal hormones, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy men

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (3) ◽

pp. E743-E753 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Amelia N. Pilichiewicz ◽

Reawika Chaikomin ◽

Ixchel M. Brennan ◽

Judith M. Wishart ◽

Christopher K. Rayner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽

Saline Control ◽

Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽

Double Blind ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Glucose Plasma

Gastric emptying is a major determinant of glycemia, gastrointestinal hormone release, and appetite. We determined the effects of different intraduodenal glucose loads on glycemia, insulinemia, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK), antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. Blood glucose, plasma hormone, and antropyloroduodenal motor responses to 120-min intraduodenal infusions of glucose at 1) 1 (“G1”), 2) 2 (“G2”), and 3) 4 (“G4”) kcal/min or of 4) saline (“control”) were measured in 10 healthy males in double-blind, randomized fashion. Immediately after each infusion, energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. Blood glucose rose in response to all glucose infusions ( P < 0.05 vs. control), with the effect of G4 and G2 being greater than that of G1 ( P < 0.05) but with no difference between G2 and G4. The rises in insulin, GLP-1, GIP, and CCK were related to the glucose load ( r > 0.82, P < 0.05). All glucose infusions suppressed antral ( P < 0.05), but only G4 decreased duodenal, pressure waves ( P < 0.01), resulted in a sustained stimulation of basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.01), and decreased energy intake ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, variations in duodenal glucose loads have differential effects on blood glucose, plasma insulin, GLP-1, GIP and CCK, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. These observations have implications for strategies to minimize postprandial glycemic excursions in type 2 diabetes.

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The effect of beverages varying in glycaemic load on postprandial glucose responses, appetite and cognition in 10–12-year-old school children

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512005296 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 529-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Emily Brindal ◽

Danielle Baird ◽

Amy Slater ◽

Vanessa Danthiir ◽

Carlene Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Short Term ◽

Double Blind ◽

Term Memory ◽

Glycaemic Load

Reducing glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) inconsistently improves aspects of cognitive function and appetite in children. Whether altering the GL by lowering carbohydrate relative to protein and fat has a role in these effects is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the differential effects of beverages varying in GL and dairy composition on appetite, energy intake and cognitive function in children. A total of forty children (10–12 years) completed a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, receiving three isoenergetic drinks (approximately 1100 kJ): a glucose beverage (GI 100, GL 65), a full milk beverage (GI 27, GL 5) and a half milk/glucose beverage (GI 84, GL 35). For 3 h post-consumption, subjective appetite and cognitive performance (speed of processing, memory, attention and perceptual speed) were measured hourly. At completion, each child was provided a buffet-style lunch and energy intake was calculated. Blood glucose was objectively measured using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Blood glucose AUC values were significantly different between the drinks (P< 0·001), but did not sustain above the baseline for 3 h for any drink. Mixed modelling revealed no effect of beverage on subjective appetite or energy intake. Participant sex and drink GL significantly interacted for short-term memory (P< 0·001). When girls consumed either milk-containing beverage, they recalled 0·7–0·8 more words compared with 0·5 less words after the glucose drink (P≤ 0·014). Altering GL of drinks by reducing carbohydrate and increasing protein did not affect appetite or cognition in children. Girls may demonstrate improved short-term memory after consuming beverages with higher protein and lower GL.

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