The effect of beverages varying in glycaemic load on postprandial glucose responses, appetite and cognition in 10–12-year-old school children

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Brindal ◽  
Danielle Baird ◽  
Amy Slater ◽  
Vanessa Danthiir ◽  
Carlene Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Glycaemic Load

Reducing glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) inconsistently improves aspects of cognitive function and appetite in children. Whether altering the GL by lowering carbohydrate relative to protein and fat has a role in these effects is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the differential effects of beverages varying in GL and dairy composition on appetite, energy intake and cognitive function in children. A total of forty children (10–12 years) completed a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, receiving three isoenergetic drinks (approximately 1100 kJ): a glucose beverage (GI 100, GL 65), a full milk beverage (GI 27, GL 5) and a half milk/glucose beverage (GI 84, GL 35). For 3 h post-consumption, subjective appetite and cognitive performance (speed of processing, memory, attention and perceptual speed) were measured hourly. At completion, each child was provided a buffet-style lunch and energy intake was calculated. Blood glucose was objectively measured using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Blood glucose AUC values were significantly different between the drinks (P< 0·001), but did not sustain above the baseline for 3 h for any drink. Mixed modelling revealed no effect of beverage on subjective appetite or energy intake. Participant sex and drink GL significantly interacted for short-term memory (P< 0·001). When girls consumed either milk-containing beverage, they recalled 0·7–0·8 more words compared with 0·5 less words after the glucose drink (P≤ 0·014). Altering GL of drinks by reducing carbohydrate and increasing protein did not affect appetite or cognition in children. Girls may demonstrate improved short-term memory after consuming beverages with higher protein and lower GL.

scholarly journals Effects of Fruit and Vegetable-Based Nutraceutical on Cognitive Function in a Healthy Population: Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, and Randomized Clinical Trial

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Juan Ángel Carrillo ◽  
Raúl Arcusa ◽  
María Pilar Zafrilla ◽  
Javier Marhuenda
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Control Intervention ◽  
Positive Effect

There is scientific evidence of the positive effect of polyphenols from plant foods on cognition, but not enough is known about the synergistic effect when multiple polyphenols are consumed and even less in a healthy non-elderly population. The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible effects of improvements in cognitive function in healthy people as a preparation based on micronized fruit and vegetables consumed. One hundred and eight subjects were selected, stratified by sex in the control intervention group (n = 53) and placebo (n = 55). Volunteers completed the study after two 16-week periods of consumption with a 4-week wash period between each phase. At the beginning and the end of each phase, volunteers performed the Stroop, TESEN, and RIST tests for the measurement of different cognitive function patterns. The results revealed statistically significant differences in all the variables of the tests carried out, especially compared with the placebo. Specially, the results obtained in the Stroop and TESEN test, in addition to the processing speed even with semantic interferences, were markedly better after the treatment with the product under study. Moreover, the consumption of the product under study clearly improves short-term memory, verbal and non-verbal, according to the results obtained in the RIST test. The results showed an improvement in executive function in terms of short-term memory, working memory, selective and sustained attention, and speed of processing.

Moderate to heavy infections ofTrichuris trichiuraaffect cognitive function in Jamaican school children

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nokes ◽  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
A. W. Sawyer ◽  
E. S. Cooper ◽  
B. A. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
School Children ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Placebo Trial

A double-blind placebo trial was conducted to determine the effect of moderate to high loads ofTrichuris trichiura(whipworm) infection on the cognitive functions of 159 school children (age 9–12 years) in Jamaica. Infected children were randomly assigned to Treatment or Placebo groups. A third group of randomly selected uninfected children were assigned to a Control for comparative purposes. The improvement in cognitive function was evaluated using a stepwise multiple linear regression, designed to control for any confounding variables. The expulsion of worms led to a significant improvement in tests of auditory short-term memory (P< 0.02;P< 0.01), and a highly significant improvement in the scanning and retrieval of long-term memory (P< 0.001). After 9 weeks, treated children were no longer significantly different from an uninfected Control group in these three tests of cognitive function. The removal ofT. trichiurawas more important thanAscaris lumbricoidesin determining this improvement. The results suggest that whipworm infection has an adverse effect on certain cognitive functions which is reversible by therapy.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Short-term Memory And Fasting Blood Glucose

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Sertaç Üstün ◽  
Selin Kurt ◽  
Dilek Erdinli ◽  
Yağmur Ekebil ◽  
Erdeniz Eriş ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Relationship

Learning and Memory Impairment with Benzhexol

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherrie A. Galletly ◽  
Colin D. Field
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Double Blind Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Significant Impairment

A double-blind trial to determine the effects of a single dose of 2 mg benzhexol on cognitive functioning was undertaken using normal volunteers. Ninety minutes after the drug or placebo was taken, subjects completed a battery of psychological tests designed to measure learning, memory and motor skills. Benzhexol ingestion was associated with significant impairment of short-term memory and slowing of the rate of new learning.

scholarly journals The Effect of Neurobehavioral Test Performance on the All-Cause Mortality among US Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tao-Chun Peng ◽  
Wei-Liang Chen ◽  
Li-Wei Wu ◽  
Ying-Jen Chen ◽  
Fang-Yih Liaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Us ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Multiple Variables

Evidence of the association between global cognitive function and mortality is much, but whether specific cognitive function is related to mortality is unclear. To address the paucity of knowledge on younger populations in the US, we analyzed the association between specific cognitive function and mortality in young and middle-aged adults. We analyzed data from 5,144 men and women between 20 and 59 years of age in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–94) with mortality follow-up evaluation through 2006. Cognitive function tests, including assessments of executive function/processing speed (symbol digit substitution) and learning recall/short-term memory (serial digit learning), were performed. All-cause mortality was the outcome of interest. After adjusting for multiple variables, total mortality was significantly higher in males with poorer executive function/processing speed (hazard ratio (HR) 2.02; 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 2.99) and poorer recall/short-term memory (HR 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 2.12). After adjusting for multiple variables, the mortality risk did not significantly increase among the females in these two cognitive tests groups. In this sample of the US population, poorer executive function/processing speed and poorer learning recall/short-term memory were significantly associated with increased mortality rates, especially in males. This study highlights the notion that poorer specific cognitive function predicts all-cause mortality in young and middle-aged males.

Effects of breakfast-size on short-term memory, concentration, mood and blood glucose

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Michaud ◽  
Nadine Musse ◽  
Jean P. Nicolas ◽  
Luc Mejean
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Acute Paraxanthine Ingestion Improves Cognition and Short-Term Memory and Helps Sustain Attention in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3980
Author(s):  
Choongsung Yoo ◽  
Dante Xing ◽  
Drew Gonzalez ◽  
Victoria Jenkins ◽  
Kay Nottingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
Over Time

This study examined the effects of acute paraxanthine (PXN) ingestion on markers of cognition, executive function, and psychomotor vigilance. In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, and counterbalanced manner, 13 healthy male and female participants were randomly assigned to consume a placebo (PLA) or 200 mg of PXN (ENFINITY™, Ingenious Ingredients, L.P.). Participants completed stimulant sensitivity and side effect questionnaires and then performed the Berg Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (BCST), the Go/No-Go test (GNG), the Sternberg task test (STT), and the psychomotor vigilance task test (PVTT). Participants then ingested one capsule of PLA or PXN treatment. Participants completed side effect and cognitive function tests after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after ingestion of the supplement. After 7 days, participants repeated the experiment while consuming the alternative treatment. Data were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) univariate analyses with repeated measures using body mass as a covariate, and by assessing mean and percent changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) expressed as means (LL, UL). PXN decreased BCST errors (PXN −4.7 [−0.2, −9.20], p = 0.04; PXN −17.5% [−36.1, 1.0], p = 0.06) and perseverative errors (PXN −2.2 [−4.2, −0.2], p = 0.03; PXN −32.8% [−64.4, 1.2], p = 0.04) at hour 6. GNG analysis revealed some evidence that PXN ingestion better maintained mean accuracy over time and Condition R Round 2 response time (e.g., PXN −25.1 [−52.2, 1.9] ms, p = 0.07 faster than PLA at 1 h), suggesting better sustained attention. PXN ingestion improved STT two-letter length absent and present reaction times over time as well as improving six-letter length absent reaction time after 2 h (PXN −86.5 ms [−165, −7.2], p = 0.03; PXN −9.0% [−18.1, 0.2], p = 0.05), suggesting that PXN enhanced the ability to store and retrieve random information of increasing complexity from short-term memory. A moderate treatment x time effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was observed in PVTT, where PXN sustained vigilance during Trial 2 after 2 h (PXN 840 ms [103, 1576], p = 0.03) and 4 h (PXN 1466 ms [579, 2353], p = 0.002) compared to PL. As testing progressed, the response time improved during the 20 trials and over the course of the 6 h experiment in the PXN treatment, whereas it significantly increased in the PL group. The results suggest that acute PXN ingestion (200 mg) may affect some measures of short-term memory, reasoning, and response time to cognitive challenges and help sustain attention.

scholarly journals No Coincidence, George: Capacity-Limits as the Curse of Compositionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M Frankland ◽  
Taylor Webb ◽  
Jonathan D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Inductive Bias

In one of the most influential articles in cognitive science, George Miller (1956) describes his “persecution” by similarities in three cognitive capacity-limits: the number of items that can be held in short-term memory, the number of stimuli that can be ordinally ranked, and the number of items in a visual display that can be quickly and accurately reported. Although Miller wondered whether these limits owe to a common source, he ultimately concluded that the likeness was coincidental. Here, we challenge that conclusion. Cognitive systems face a tradeoff between maximizing the number of possibilities they can represent (maximizing entropy), and precisely fitting the data observed thus far (minimizing energy). Equipping a cognitive system with an inductive bias to maximize entropy on different timescales enables one of the hallmarks of cognitive function— efficient generalization— but leads to the limits in information processing that haunted Miller.

scholarly journals Cognitive function in patients with myasthenia gravis

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Nalkin ◽  
S V Lobzin ◽  
M G Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Attention Disorders ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuropsychological Examination ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Rapid Deterioration

The study presents the results of a complex neuropsychological examination of patients with myasthenia gravis, which revealed intellectual disorders in 36.6% of cases, i.e., violations of memory processes, decreasing short-term memory level, and rapid deterioration of attention. A study of patients with myasthenia gravis with thymoma (before thymectomy) and patients with disease duration of more than 10 years found more pronounced memory and attention disorders (р < 0.05).

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