scholarly journals Generating the Evidence for Typhoid Vaccine Introduction: Considerations for Global Disease Burden Estimates and Vaccine Testing Through Human Challenge

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_5) ◽  
pp. S402-S407
Author(s):  
James E Meiring ◽  
Alberto Giubilini ◽  
Julian Savulescu ◽  
Virginia E Pitzer ◽  
Andrew J Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Typhoid fever has had a major impact on human populations, with the causative pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi implicated in many outbreaks through history. The current burden of disease is estimated at 11–18 million infections annually, with the majority of infections located in Africa and South Asia. Data that have been used to estimate burden are limited to a small number of blood-culture surveillance studies, largely from densely populated urban centers. Extrapolating these data to estimate disease burden within and across countries highlights the lack of precision in global figures. A number of approaches have been developed, characterizing different geographical areas by water-based risk factors for typhoid infection or broader measures of health and development to more accurately extrapolate incidence. Recognition of the substantial disease burden is essential for policy-makers considering vaccine introduction. Typhoid vaccines have been in development for >100 years. The Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) and Ty21a vaccines have had a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for programmatic use in countries with high burden for 10 years, with 1 ViPS vaccine also having WHO prequalification. Despite this, uptake and introduction of these vaccines has been minimal. The development of a controlled human infection model (CHIM) enabled the accelerated testing of the newly WHO-prequalified ViPS–tetanus toxoid protein conjugate vaccine, providing efficacy estimates for the vaccine, prior to larger field trials. There is an urgency to the global control of enteric fever due to the escalating problem of antimicrobial resistance. With more accurate burden of disease estimates and a vaccine showing efficacy in CHIM, that control is now a possibility.

scholarly journals The burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region of the World Health Organization (EMRO): Study period 2000-2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Yahyavi Dizaj ◽  
Manijeh Soleimanifar ◽  
Reza Hashempour ◽  
Ali Kazemi Karyani ◽  
Fateh Mohsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Back ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: MSK health is imperative for the active participation of an individual in society and MSK related disorders more direly affects a person's quality of life compared other non-communicable disease while it also negatively effects the health system and economy of a country. The current manuscript analyzed and describes the disease burden of MSK disorders in the EMRO region.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study conducted based on data published by the Global Burden of Disease Database for MSK disorders up to 2017. The study target comprised population from all countries of the EMRO region of World Health Organization. The present study considered, MSK disorders such as (rheumatoid arthritis), (osteoarthritis), (Low back pain), (neck pain), (gout) and (other Musculoskeletal disorders. The DALY index was used to measure total disease burden.Results: MSK disorders in the world and in the EMRO region was ranked 5th (4% of total disease burden) and 7th (5% of total disease burden) among all diseases in 2017, respectively. Women over 30 years of age in the EMRO region had the highest risk of MSK disorders compared to other regions and in addition, the DALY lost in EMRO region due to MSK disorders was higher in women of all age categories than men. According to the results of this study, Low back pain, Other musculoskeletal disorders and Neck pain had the highest prevalence and burden of disease in the EMRO region and the world. Bahrain, Iran, and Morocco had the highest incidence of MSK DALY score in the EMRO region, and Somalia, Djibouti, and Afghanistan had the lowest incidence of MSK disorders and DALY score, respectively.Conclusion: With the increase in geriatric population and obesity especially in developing countries, consequently, more people tend to suffer from MSK disorders and it is predicted that this spike will continue in the coming decades. Taking in to account the high prevalence and burden of MSK disorders, forces government and health-policy makers to focus more on preventive cares and rehabilitation.

scholarly journals The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome—How Worried Should We Be?

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Small Rodent ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT Ten years after the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic, a second coronavirus, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has been identified as the cause of a highly lethal pneumonia in patients in the Middle East and in travelers from this region. Over the past 9 months, since the virus was first isolated, much has been learned about the biology of the virus. It is now clear that MERS-CoV is transmissible from person to person, and its close relationship with several bat coronaviruses suggests that these animals may be the ultimate source of the infection. However, many key issues need to be addressed, including identification of the proximate, presumably zoonotic, source of the infection, the prevalence of the infection in human populations, details regarding clinical and pathological features of the human infection, the establishment of a small rodent model for the infection, and the virological and immune basis for the severe disease observed in most patients. Most importantly, we do not know whether a MERS-CoV epidemic is likely or not. Infection with the virus has so far resulted in only 91 cases and 46 deaths (as of 29 July 2013), but it is nonetheless setting off alarm bells among public health officials, including Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization, who called MERS-CoV “a threat to the entire world.” This article reviews some of the progress that has been made and discusses some of the questions that need to be answered.

Global Health and the Global Burden of Disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Universal Health

This chapter defines terms used to describe the health of populations, such as incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. It introduces the concept of the burden of disease: that is, the quantity and impact of diseases and conditions that affect the health of populations. The Global Burden of Disease project, first launched in 1990 by the World Health Organization (WHO) seeks to measure disease burden on a regular basis. This chapter also examines the epidemiological transition, a concept that describes changes in causes of morbidity and mortality associated with economic development. The limitations of this concept and the need to address the entirety of the disease burden and achieve Universal Health Coverage are also discussed.

scholarly journals A Dengue Vaccine: Will It be Accepted and Is It Feasible? Lessons from Barranquilla, Colombia, and Merida, Venezuela

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Elizabeth McMahon ◽  
Liliana Encinales ◽  
Carlos Navarro Encinales ◽  
Silvana Vielma ◽  
Nelly Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Health Organization

With one vaccine on the market and others in clinical trials, policy makers in dengue endemic regions face the decision of whether to introduce a dengue vaccine in their communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that individualized assessments be conducted before any vaccine introduction to evaluate disease burden and the strength of current vaccination programs. This study seeks to aid in that decision-making process by examining the acceptability and feasibility of dengue vaccine introduction in Barranquilla, Colombia, and Merida, Venezuela. Surveys were administered February–June of 2018 for three groups: patients (n = 351), health professionals (n = 197), and government officials (n = 26). In Barranquilla, most respondents reported dengue to be a moderate-severe problem, that a dengue vaccine would be useful in their communities, and that their current vaccination programs could handle the addition of a new vaccine. In Venezuela, respondents were less likely to view dengue as a major concern and listed multiple barriers to not just dengue vaccine introduction, but to providing current vaccines as well. Further work is needed in Colombia to more objectively assess the country’s readiness as a whole for a future dengue vaccine. As political and social unrest continues in Venezuela, however, future initiatives should focus on trust and capacity building. This study can serve as a framework for future assessments of the acceptability and feasibility of a dengue vaccine in both targeted areas and on larger scales.

Global Health and the Global Burden of Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Key Terms

In this new era of global health in which delivering care has become a reality, it is important to understand the terms used to describe the health of populations, such as incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. As well as to be able to describe the concepts such as the burden of disease in a population, the quantity and impact of diseases that affect the health of populations, and the epidemiologic shifts within a society. This chapter reviews these key terms and concepts as well as the creation of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project, launched in 1990 at the World Health Organization. The GBD project measures and estimates the disease burden in countries on a regular basis. These data are critical to built health systems with sufficient inputs to address the entirety of the disease burden and achieve universal health coverage.

scholarly journals Consensus Report on Shigella Controlled Human Infection Model: Conduct of Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement_8) ◽  
pp. S580-S590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kawsar R Talaat ◽  
A Louis Bourgeois ◽  
Robert W Frenck ◽  
Wilbur H Chen ◽  
Calman A MacLennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Consensus Report ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Shigella causes morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting young children living in low-resource settings. It is also of great concern due to increasing antibiotic resistance, and is a priority organism for the World Health Organization. A Shigella vaccine would decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with shigellosis, improve child health, and decrease the need for antibiotics. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are useful tools in vaccine evaluation for early up- or down-selection of vaccine candidates and potentially useful in support of licensure. Over time, the methods employed in these models have become more uniform across sites performing CHIM trials, although some differences in conduct persist. In November 2017, a Shigella CHIM workshop was convened in Washington, District of Columbia. Investigators met to discuss multiple aspects of these studies, including study procedures, clinical and immunological endpoints, and shared experiences. This article serves as a uniform procedure by which to conduct Shigella CHIM studies.

Drinking-Water Quality and Intestinal Infectious Diseases in a Colombian Department, 2010-2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Dora Cardona Rivas ◽  
Militza Yulain Cardona Guzmán ◽  
Olga Lucía Ocampo López
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To characterize the burden of intestinal infectious diseases attributable to drinking-water quality in 27 municipalities in the central region of Colombia. Materials and methods: A time-trend ecological study. The drinking-water quality of the National Institute of Health and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies was identified. The disease burden was calculated based on the mortality registered in the National Department of Statistics and the records of morbidity attended by the Social Protection Integrated Information System. The etiological agents reported in morbidity records and the observation of environmental conditions in the municipalities of the study were included. The disease burden was determined according to the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Malaria continues to select for sickle cell trait in Central Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (22) ◽  
pp. 7051-7054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Elguero ◽  
Lucrèce M. Délicat-Loembet ◽  
Virginie Rougeron ◽  
Céline Arnathau ◽  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Current Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Health Organization

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that poses a serious health threat in tropical Africa, which the World Health Organization has declared a public health priority. Its persistence in human populations has been attributed to the resistance it provides to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in its heterozygous state, called sickle cell trait (SCT). Because of migration, SCT is becoming common outside tropical countries: It is now the most important genetic disorder in France, affecting one birth for every 2,400, and one of the most common in the United States. We assess the strength of the association between SCT and malaria, using current data for both SCT and malaria infections. A total of 3,959 blood samples from 195 villages distributed over the entire Republic of Gabon were analyzed. Hemoglobin variants were identified by using HPLCy (HPLC). Infections by three species of Plasmodium were detected by PCR followed by sequencing of a 201-bp fragment of cytochrome b. An increase of 10% in P. falciparum malaria prevalence is associated with an increase by 4.3% of SCT carriers. An increase of 10 y of age is associated with an increase by 5.5% of SCT carriers. Sex is not associated with SCT. These strong associations show that malaria remains a selective factor in current human populations, despite the progress of medicine and the actions undertaken to fight this disease. Our results provide evidence that evolution is still present in humans, although this is sometimes questioned by scientific, political, or religious personalities.

scholarly journals The comparative risk assessment for alcohol as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study: What changed from the last study?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Rehm ◽  
Guilherme Borges ◽  
Gerhard Gmel ◽  
Kathryn Graham ◽  
Bridget Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Comparative Risk Assessment ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Population

Rehm, J., Borges, G., Gmel, G., Graham, K., Grant, B., Parry, C., Poznyak, V. & Room R. (2013). The comparative risk assessment for alcohol as part of the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study: What changed from the last study? International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 1-5.  doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.132 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.132)In December 2012, the new results of the Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) for alcohol within the Global Burden of Disease and Injury (GBD) Study 2010 were presented at a joint meeting of the GBD Group and the journal Lancet at the Royal Society in London (Lim et al., 2012). At first glance, there do not appear to be many changes to alcohol consumption as a risk factor for death and disability: it is identified as the third most important risk factor, as it was in the last CRA (World Health Organization, 2009). The burden of disease attributable to alcohol had increased, compared to the 2004 estimate (Rehm, Mathers et al., 2009), but this could be due to an increase in global population, or to variations in the methodologies behind the 2004 and 2010 estimates.

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