Results by fluorescent immunoassay for phenytoin compared with those by enzyme immunoassay, liquid chromatography, and discrete analysis (Dupont aca).

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1494-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Gonzalez ◽  
A Cid-Amador ◽  
B Steele ◽  
A Castro
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Small Sample Volume

Abstract We describe the Ames Fluorescent Enzyme Immunoassay procedure for the detection of phenytoin in serum, and compare the results with it with those by enzyme immunoassay(EMIT), "high-pressure" liquid chromatography, and the Dupont aca. Sera from 48 patients who were receiving phenytoin were promptly analyzed in duplicate by EMIT, frozen, then assayed within four weeks by the other three methods. Correlation was good between results by the fluorescent immunoassay and the other methods. The fluorescent immunoassay procedure is sensitive and requires a small sample volume (100 microliters). Sample reading time can be shortened from 30 to 15 s as the technician becomes more proficient, with no sacrifice of accuracy. The procedure is fast, easy to perform, specific, sensitive, and inexpensive; involves no radioactivity; and requires no temperature control. It is the current method of choice for detection of phenytoin in serum, in terms of precision and accuracy.

Liquid chromatography in open tubes.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1473-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
M P Maskarinec ◽  
M J Sepaniak ◽  
A T Balchunas ◽  
J D Vargo
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Separation Power ◽  
Wide Applicability ◽  
Further Development ◽  
High Separation ◽  
Detector Technology ◽  
Small Sample Volume

Abstract Liquid chromatography in open tubes is evaluated for applicability to clinical analysis. The principal advantages of this technique include high separation power, reduced solvent consumption, and small sample volume requirements. Technology for the production of columns as small as 8 micron (i.d.) is described. Preliminary results are encouraging and, with further development in column and detector technology, the technique should find wide applicability in clinical analysis.

scholarly journals Universal Stokes’s nanomechanical viscometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Komal Chaudhary ◽  
Pooja Munjal ◽  
Kamal P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Capillary Waves ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Rapid Measurement ◽  
Single Lens ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
Small Sample Volume

AbstractAlthough, many conventional approaches have been used to measure viscosity of fluids, most methods do not allow non-contact, rapid measurements on small sample volume and have universal applicability to all fluids. Here, we demonstrate a simple yet universal viscometer, as proposed by Stokes more than a century ago, exploiting damping of capillary waves generated electrically and probed optically with sub-nanoscale precision. Using a low electric field local actuation of fluids we generate quasi-monochromatic propagating capillary waves and employ a pair of single-lens based compact interferometers to measure attenuation of capillary waves in real-time. Our setup allows rapid measurement of viscosity of a wide variety of polar, non-polar, transparent, opaque, thin or thick fluids having viscosity values varying over four orders of magnitude from $$10^{0}{-}10^{4}~\text{mPa} \, \text{s}$$ 10 0 - 10 4 mPa s . Furthermore, we discuss two additional damping mechanisms for nanomechanical capillary waves caused by bottom friction and top nano-layer appearing in micro-litre droplets. Such self-stabilized droplets when coupled with precision interferometers form interesting microscopic platform for picomechanical optofluidics for fundamental, industrial and medical applications.

Quantitation of the Contaminants in Technical Fenitrothion by Reverse Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1222-1230
Author(s):  
William P Cochrane ◽  
Monique Lanouette ◽  
Roy Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Solvent Systems

Abstract Technical grade samples of fenitrothion were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reverse phase LiChrosorb RP-8 column, using 3 solvent systems and a UV detector set at 269 nm. All commercial samples analyzed contained >94% fenitrothion; in addition, 9 contaminants were identified and quantitated. Bisfenitrothion was the major contaminant, with average amounts of 2.46% from one manufacturer and 1.17% from another. The second most abundant toxicant was S-methyl fenitrothion, which was present at an average level of 0.71% in one source but only 0.16% in the other. The amount of fenitrooxon was 0.046% or less in samples from 2 manufacturers. Other contaminants quantitated include the 2 demethyl fenitrothion isomers, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-6-nitrophenol, 3-methyI-4-nitroanisole, and bis-S-methyl fenitrothion. The total amount of the constituents quantitated in 9 commercial samples was 99.07 ± 1.81%. By comparing the amounts of bis-fenitrothion and phenols present in technical grade fenitrothion, it should be possible to identify the specific manufacturers of the various products.

Assay of Phenobarbital: Adaptation of "EMIT" to the Centrifugal Analyzer

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R Finley ◽  
R Jane Williams ◽  
Donald F Lichti ◽  
James M Byers
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Logit Transformation ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Absorbance Data

Abstract We have adapted the centrifugal analyzer to the homo-geneous enzyme immunoassay ("EMIT"®) for phenobar-bital. The assay was modified to give greater range and sensitivity, and less reagent is needed. The transfer disc is prepared with totally automatic pipetting. Results are calculated with a micro-computer that provides a logit transformation of absorbance data. Precision and accuracy are excellent, and results correlate well with those by gas—liquid chromatography.

scholarly journals Aptamer-Based Detection of Ampicillin in Urine Samples

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Simmons ◽  
Lisa M. Miller ◽  
Malin O. Sundström ◽  
Steven Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
General Population ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Relevant Range ◽  
Small Sample Volume

The misuse of antibiotics in health care has led to increasing levels of drug resistant infections (DRI’s) occurring in the general population. Most technologies developed for the detection of DRI’s typically focus on phenotyping or genotyping bacterial resistance rather than on the underlying cause and spread of DRI’s; namely the misuse of antibiotics. An aptameric based assay has been developed for the monitoring of ampicillin in urine samples, for use in determining optimal antibiotic dosage and monitoring patient compliance with treatment. The fluorescently labelled aptamers were shown to perform optimally at pH 7, ideal for buffered clinical urine samples, with limits of detection as low as 20.6 nM, allowing for determination of ampicillin in urine in the clinically relevant range of concentrations (100 nM to 100 µM). As the assay requires incubation for only 1 h with a small sample volume, 50 to 150 µL, the test would fit within current healthcare pathways, simplifying the adoption of the technology.

scholarly journals Distribution of Aldoxime Dehydratase in Microorganisms

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2290-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Kato ◽  
Ryoko Ooi ◽  
Yasuhisa Asano
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Aldoxime Dehydratase

ABSTRACT The distribution of phenylacetaldoxime-degrading and pyridine-3-aldoxime-degrading ability was examined with intact cells of 975 microorganisms, including 45 genera of bacteria, 11 genera of actinomyces, 22 genera of yeasts, and 37 genera of fungi, by monitoring the decrease of the aldoximes by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The abilities were found to be widely distributed in bacteria, actinomyces, fungi, and some yeasts: 98 and 107 strains degraded phenylacetaldoxime and pyridine-3-aldoxime, respectively. All of the active strains exhibited not only the aldoxime-dehydration activity to form nitrile but also nitrile-hydrolyzing activity. On the other hand, all of 19 nitrile-degrading microorganisms (13 species, 7 genera) were found to exhibit aldoxime dehydration activity. It is shown that aldoxime dehydratase and nitrile-hydrolyzing activities are widely distributed among 188 aldoxime and 19 nitrile degraders and that the enzymes were induced by aldoximes or nitriles.

scholarly journals Automated HPLC screening of newborns for sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Eastman ◽  
R Wong ◽  
C L Liao ◽  
D R Morales
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Peak Resolution ◽  
Automated Hplc ◽  
Hb S ◽  
Blood Spot ◽  
Small Sample Volume

Abstract Automated HPLC is used to test dried blood-spot specimens from newborns for hemoglobins (Hb) F, A, S, C, E, and D. We present the method and report on its performance determined during >4 years of testing 2.5 x 10(6) newborns. The method features automated derivation of presumptive phenotypes; quantitative quality control and proficiency testing; throughput of one specimen per minute; small sample volume; hemoglobin concentrations quantified with an interlaboratory CV of 14-18%; retention times with interlaboratory CV of <2% and matching, within +/- 0.03 min, of laboratories and reagent lots; control of peak resolution; 0.5% detection limit for Hb S and C, and 1.0% for Hb F, A, E, and D; few interferences; and negligible background and carryover. Shortcomings of the method are the absence of microplate barcode identification and the need for manually pipetting the sample eluate into the microplate.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Heterogeneous Properties of Coal and Rock Quantified and Mapped at the Microscale

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changlun Sun ◽  
Guichen Li ◽  
Suhui Zhang ◽  
Jiahui Xu ◽  
Houqiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Convenient Method ◽  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
Averaging Method ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Experimental Technology ◽  
Small Sample Volume

Due to the impossibility of obtaining intact standard experimental samples, it is difficult to test the mechanical properties of soft and broken coal and rock obtained from deep coal mines. So, an advanced experimental technology based on a small sample volume, nanoindentation technology, was introduced and used to measure the mechanical parameters of them. By using the averaging method, the hardness of shale, mudstone and coal are 1191.90 MPa, 674.95 MPa and 424.30 MPa, respectively; their elastic moduli are 20.39 GPa, 11.72 GPa and 5.47 GPa; and their fracture toughness were 1.66 MPa·m0.5, 1.28 MPa·m0.5 and 0.77 MPa·m0.5. These three mechanical parameters were used to quantify and map the heterogeneous properties of coal and rock for convenience and accuracy. For example, the inter quartile range (IQR) of the hardness of shale, mudstone, and coal are 1502.10 MPa, 1016.20 MPa and 54.64 MPa, respectively, meaning that coal has the best homogeneity among them. Nanoindentation technology provides researchers with a convenient method to conduct mechanical experiments at the microscale.

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