Radioimmunoassay for human prothrombin.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iodine Monochloride ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract I describe a radioimmunoassay for human prothrombin, with use of a double-antibody technique. Antiserum raised in rabbits was absorbed with Al(OH)3 and heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min. 125I-labeled prothrombin retaining more than 90% of its biological activity was prepared by the iodine monochloride method. The mean concentration of prothrombin in plasma of 12 normal individuals was 100 +/- 29.4 mg/L (2 SD). Prothrombin values were somewhat lower than those obtained by the Laurell electroimmunoassay or by two-stage biological assay of the same plasma, done the same day. The biological values were converted to protein on the basis of 1960 int. units/mg by comparison with the other two assays. The ability of activation fragments of human prothrombin to inhibit binding of labeled prothrombin to its antibody was evaluated by competitive radioimmunoassay. Although precipitin lines formed with undiluted antiserum against all the fragments tested (F-1, F-1.2, prethrombin-1, and thrombin), none of the fragments competed well with prothrombin, even in 10-fold molar excess. Evidently, the structural integrity of the prothrombin molecule is essential for its maximum binding to the antiserum, and antigenic sites are lost during its activation.

Comparative abilities of thyroxine and triiodothyronine as inhibitors of pituitary thyrotropin secretion in cattle

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Premachandra ◽  
G. W. Pipes ◽  
C. W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
The Mean

A technique is described using radioactiveiodine (I131) and the goitrogen, Tapazole, in mature dairy cows, to compare the relative biological activity of l-thyroxine (T4) and l-triiodothyronine (T3) in individual animals to inhibit pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) release and, in turn, release of thyroidal-I131. The minimal amount of either hormone required is considered the equivalent T4 or T3 secretion rate. The individuals of the Holstein breed showed a mean molar relation of 1:2.5, which was significantly higher than the means of the other breeds. The mean of 22 animals showed a ratio of 1:2.14, indicating that T3 is slightly over twice as effective as T4 in blocking TSH and thyroidal-I131 release. While T3 is more potent in blocking TSH discharge, it was observed that upon withdrawal of T4 and T3 the resumption of thyroidal-I131 release was more rapid after T3 administration.

COPPER TO MOLYBDENUM RATIO AND MOLYBDENUM AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT FEEDS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration

Molybdenum and Cu concentrations and Cu/Mo ratios were determined on samples of legume hay, grass legume hay, grass hay, sedge hay, oat forage, corn silage and grains throughout British Columbia. In addition, the relationships between Cu distribution and both Mo concentration and the Cu/Mo ratio were determined for all feeds. The critical Cu/Mo ratio was selected as 2.0, and samples with ratios below 2.0 would be expected to cause conditioned copper deficiency. Sedge hays had a mean Cu/Mo ratio of 2.1, which was less than half the mean ratio of 4.4 for grass hays. The mean ratios for the other classes of feed were 5.0 or higher. Notwithstanding the favorable mean ratios, 19% of all samples had ratios below 2.0. The lowest Cu/Mo ratio was 0.1 and the highest was 52.7, which shows extreme variability. Molybdenum concentrations were generally low, with 35% of all samples below 1 ppm Mo. There were no unusually high Mo concentrations, as only 1% of all feeds were above 8.0 ppm Mo and the highest value was 9.9 ppm. Copper concentrations were low. Fourteen percent of all samples were below 3.0 ppm and 95% of all samples were below 10.0 ppm. Legume feeds had a mean Cu concentration of 7.5 ppm, in contrast to sedge hays which had a mean concentration of 3.3 ppm Cu. As Cu concentrations increased in all feeds the Cu/Mo ratios also increased, when all feeds were considered in one compilation. Molybdenum concentrations were high, then decreased, but increased to the same high concentrations as Cu concentrations increased. These data indicate an unexpectedly high and nutritionally important variability in Cu/Mo ratios, and add further support to our previous report of extensive low levels of Cu. Both Cu and Mo analyses are required to predict the need for Cu supplementation. This appears to be the first extensive report on Cu/Mo ratios in feeds.

Iodine in California Farm Milk: 1985–19861

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. BRUHN ◽  
ANTOINE A. FRANKE ◽  
T. WYATT SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Maximum Limit

Iodine has been measured in 1572 California farm milk samples, representing 2,725,000 gallons of milk, or about 54% of daily production. The mean iodine concentration in the analyzed samples was 173.3 μg/kg milk, with a standard deviation of 115.8 μg/kg- The volume-corrected mean iodine concentration for all samples was 188.3 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 13% used neither an iodine teat-dip or backflush; the milk iodine concentration on these dairy farms averaged 147.8 ± 90.2 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 73% used iodine teat-dip only; milk iodine concentrations averaged 166.7±109.4 μg/kg. Less than 1% of the farms used iodine only in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 202.3±107.2 μg/kg. Thirteen percent of the farms used both iodine teat-dip and iodine in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 251.3±153.9 μg/kg. While the concentration difference between farms using iodine in both the teat-dip and backflush system and farms in the other three groups was statistically significant, the mean concentration was still well below the maximum limit of 500 μg/kg imposed by health agencies in some countries. Overall, 30.7% of samples measured has less than 100 μg iodine/kg; 70.1% had less than 200 μg/kg; 88.8% had less than 300 μg/kg; 94.4% had less than 400 μg/kg; and 98.1% had less than 500 μg/kg.

The distribution of coenzyme Q in the tissues of the gravid ewe and fetus

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-573
Author(s):  
M. Hidiroglou
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Data on coenzyme Q tissue concentrations were obtained from 26 ewes and their fetuses from 50 days postconception to term. Coenzyme Q concentrations were low in early embryonic life. A significant increase was observed in coenzyme Q concentration in the 4-month-old or older fetal heart and kidney. The mean concentration of coenzyme Q in fetal liver increased also with advance in gestation but with less consistency than in the other tissues.

scholarly journals Plasma and platelet HLA in normal individuals: quantitation by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Kao
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Hla Antigens ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Platelet Surface ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Solid Phase Assay ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Recent studies on platelet HLA indicate that greater than 50% of platelet HLA antigens are adsorbed on the platelet surface and may be derived from plasma. It has been speculated that platelet HLA may be directly proportional to plasma HLA concentration. To determine the quantitative correlation between plasma and platelet HLA, a precise competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measurements of soluble and cellular HLA antigens was developed by using purified HLA antigens and W6/32 anti-HLA monoclonal antibody. The useful range of the standard curve for the assay was 0.01 to 5.0 micrograms/mL. The intraassay and interassay variations were 7% and 14%, respectively. The plasma HLA concentrations measured in 61 healthy adults ranged from 0.25 to 4.1 micrograms/mL, and the mean plasma HLA concentration was 1.47 +/- 0.87 micrograms/mL (+/- SD). Platelet HLA concentrations determined in the same 61 persons ranged from 4.7 to 17.33 fg/platelet, and the mean concentration was 9.3 +/- 2.9 fg/platelet (+/- SD). Chloroquine-elutable platelet HLA concentrations were also determined in 42 of the 61 persons, with the mean value of 5.7 +/- 2.1 fg/platelet (+/- SD). The plasma HLA concentration of each individual was then correlated with the same person's total or chloroquine-elutable platelet HLA concentration. Linear regression analyses of the results revealed no significant correlation between platelet and plasma HLA concentrations. Thus, it is unlikely that chloroquine-elutable HLAs are derived from plasma. The developed solid-phase assay for HLA will be useful for further study of the quantitative significance of plasma HLA antigens in allosensitization of transfused individuals.

scholarly journals Detection of factor X activation in humans

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2007-2015
Author(s):  
KA Bauer ◽  
BL Kass ◽  
H ten Cate ◽  
MA Bednarek ◽  
JJ Hawiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Vii ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Extrinsic Pathway ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Factor X Activation ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Normal Controls

A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the fragment that is liberated from factor X when this zymogen is activated by factor VII/VIIa-tissue factor or factor IXa was developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits to a synthetic 15 amino acid peptide containing the COOH-terminal sequence of the activation fragment coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. The reactivity of the antibody population obtained toward the factor X zymogen was negligible (less than 1/36,000 that of the activation peptide on a molar basis). However, because other plasma constituents contributed to a nonspecific basal signal in the RIA, a procedure by which the peptide could be reproducibly extracted from plasma was developed. The mean level of this species in normal individuals younger than the age of 40 was 66.4 pmol/L, and elevations up to 550 pmol/L were observed in patients with evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The validity of these measurements of factor X activation is supported by the fact that the RIA signal migrates on reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography in a manner identical to that of the native peptide and can be quantitatively recovered. The mean concentration of the activation fragment was markedly decreased to 25.7 pmol/L in patients with hereditary factor VII deficiency (P = .0001 v normal controls), whereas the mean level in subjects with factor VIII deficiency was 61.1 pmol/L (P greater than .1 v normal controls). These data indicate that the basal (ie, in the absence of thrombosis or provocative stimuli) levels of FXP under in vivo conditions result mainly from the activity of the extrinsic pathway.

scholarly journals Plasma and platelet HLA in normal individuals: quantitation by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-286
Author(s):  
KJ Kao
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Hla Antigens ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Platelet Surface ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Solid Phase Assay ◽  
Mean Concentration

Recent studies on platelet HLA indicate that greater than 50% of platelet HLA antigens are adsorbed on the platelet surface and may be derived from plasma. It has been speculated that platelet HLA may be directly proportional to plasma HLA concentration. To determine the quantitative correlation between plasma and platelet HLA, a precise competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for measurements of soluble and cellular HLA antigens was developed by using purified HLA antigens and W6/32 anti-HLA monoclonal antibody. The useful range of the standard curve for the assay was 0.01 to 5.0 micrograms/mL. The intraassay and interassay variations were 7% and 14%, respectively. The plasma HLA concentrations measured in 61 healthy adults ranged from 0.25 to 4.1 micrograms/mL, and the mean plasma HLA concentration was 1.47 +/- 0.87 micrograms/mL (+/- SD). Platelet HLA concentrations determined in the same 61 persons ranged from 4.7 to 17.33 fg/platelet, and the mean concentration was 9.3 +/- 2.9 fg/platelet (+/- SD). Chloroquine-elutable platelet HLA concentrations were also determined in 42 of the 61 persons, with the mean value of 5.7 +/- 2.1 fg/platelet (+/- SD). The plasma HLA concentration of each individual was then correlated with the same person's total or chloroquine-elutable platelet HLA concentration. Linear regression analyses of the results revealed no significant correlation between platelet and plasma HLA concentrations. Thus, it is unlikely that chloroquine-elutable HLAs are derived from plasma. The developed solid-phase assay for HLA will be useful for further study of the quantitative significance of plasma HLA antigens in allosensitization of transfused individuals.

Simultaneous measurement of total and IgA-conjugated alpha 1-microglobulin by a combined immunoenzyme/immunoradiometric assay technique.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 766-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
D D DeMars ◽  
J A Katzmann ◽  
T K Kimlinger ◽  
J D Calore ◽  
R P Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Immunoradiometric Assay ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Normal Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Beta 2 Microglobulin ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Urine Specimens ◽  
Serum And Urine

Abstract alpha 1-Microglobulin (alpha 1m), a glycoprotein (Mr = 30,000) found in serum and urine, is also present in serum conjugated to monomeric IgA (alpha 1-m-IgA). We have developed a simultaneous enzyme-linked immunoenzyme/immunoradiometric assay that involves three different monoclonal antibodies. Assay of serial dilutions of serum and urine demonstrated parallelism. Normal mean concentrations in serum (n = 75) were: total alpha 1m, 2.33 mumol/L; alpha 1m-IgA, 1.24 mumol/L; unconjugated (free) alpha 1m, 1.09 mumol/L; molar ratio (alpha 1m-IgA/total alpha 1m), 0.53. The mean concentration of alpha 1m in eight urine specimens from normal individuals was 0.19 mumol/L, with no detectable alpha 1m-IgA. A low urinary pH does not significantly affect assay results, unlike assays of beta 2-microglobulin. In patients with myeloma-related renal disease, total and free alpha 1m values for serum correlated well with values for creatinine and beta 2-microglobulin in serum.

scholarly journals The Possibility of Using the Fresh Water Bivalve, Spathopsis Rubens, in The Nile River, El Mahmoudia Water Stream as Bioindicator For Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E H Radwan ◽  
A Abdel Mawgood ◽  
A Z Ghonim ◽  
R El Nagar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Bivalves are used as bioindicators of heavy metals pollution because they are known to concentrate these elements, providing a time integrated indication of environmental contamination. Trace metals can reach high concentrations in sediments and also in aquatic organisms by bioaccumulation through the food chain. Six heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mg and Cu) were collected and investigated from Abu Hummus, El Behara. The concentration of Hg was high in winter as 2.3µg/g in sediment. The Zn concentration was high in summer in sediment as 8.1µg/g. The Pb concentration was high in winter in water as 3.3µg/l. The concentration of Fe in sediment was high in summer as 492 µg/g. The concentration of Mg was high in sediment as 408µg/g. The concentration of Cu was high in summer in sediment as 301µg/g. The mean concentrations of Fe in the present study are within the permissible limits of law 48/1982 (<1 mg/l) and the guideline of (WHO, 1993) which is <1 mg/l. The mean concentration level of copper is within the permissible limits of law 48/1982 (<1.0 mg/l). The mean levels of the heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mg and Cu) detected in the present study in the water stream are less than the permissible limits recommended by (USEPA, 2005). In the present study there is a significance between all seasons in the protein content in the soft tissue of Spathopsisrubensas the mean concentration level in Spring was reported as 102.83mg/g which is higher then that of autumn 100.5mg/g, summer 93.33 mg/g and winter 80.50 mg/g. In the present study the mean activity level of GPx in spring was higher than the other seasons such as spring 31.33u/g ˃ summer 28.33 u/g ˃Autumn 26.67 u/g ˃ winter 20.50u/g. The mean activity level of SOD in summer was higher than the other seasons such as summer 38.83 u/g ˃ spring 33.33 U /g ˃Autumn 28.83U/g ˃ winter 22.83U/g. The mean activity level of CAT in spring was higher than the other seasons such as spring 25.67u/g ˃ summer and autumn19.83u/g ˃ winter 15.17u/g. The mean activity level of MDA in winter was 30.50 U/g ˃ summer 22.50U/g ˃ autumn 18.0 U/g ˃ spring 16.83U/g. In the present study it was found that the mean activity level of MDA increased in winter at the same time the mean activity level of CAT, SOD and GPx were decreased in winter. Negative correlation was reported between CAT and Hg in winter as r=-0.88*. A positive correlation coefficient in winter was found between SOD activity level and CAT activity level as r=0.838*.

scholarly journals Detection of factor X activation in humans

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2007-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Bauer ◽  
BL Kass ◽  
H ten Cate ◽  
MA Bednarek ◽  
JJ Hawiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Vii ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Extrinsic Pathway ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Factor X Activation ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the fragment that is liberated from factor X when this zymogen is activated by factor VII/VIIa-tissue factor or factor IXa was developed. Antisera were raised in rabbits to a synthetic 15 amino acid peptide containing the COOH-terminal sequence of the activation fragment coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. The reactivity of the antibody population obtained toward the factor X zymogen was negligible (less than 1/36,000 that of the activation peptide on a molar basis). However, because other plasma constituents contributed to a nonspecific basal signal in the RIA, a procedure by which the peptide could be reproducibly extracted from plasma was developed. The mean level of this species in normal individuals younger than the age of 40 was 66.4 pmol/L, and elevations up to 550 pmol/L were observed in patients with evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The validity of these measurements of factor X activation is supported by the fact that the RIA signal migrates on reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography in a manner identical to that of the native peptide and can be quantitatively recovered. The mean concentration of the activation fragment was markedly decreased to 25.7 pmol/L in patients with hereditary factor VII deficiency (P = .0001 v normal controls), whereas the mean level in subjects with factor VIII deficiency was 61.1 pmol/L (P greater than .1 v normal controls). These data indicate that the basal (ie, in the absence of thrombosis or provocative stimuli) levels of FXP under in vivo conditions result mainly from the activity of the extrinsic pathway.

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