Iodine in California Farm Milk: 1985–19861

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. BRUHN ◽  
ANTOINE A. FRANKE ◽  
T. WYATT SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Maximum Limit

Iodine has been measured in 1572 California farm milk samples, representing 2,725,000 gallons of milk, or about 54% of daily production. The mean iodine concentration in the analyzed samples was 173.3 μg/kg milk, with a standard deviation of 115.8 μg/kg- The volume-corrected mean iodine concentration for all samples was 188.3 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 13% used neither an iodine teat-dip or backflush; the milk iodine concentration on these dairy farms averaged 147.8 ± 90.2 μg/kg. Of the farms examined, 73% used iodine teat-dip only; milk iodine concentrations averaged 166.7±109.4 μg/kg. Less than 1% of the farms used iodine only in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 202.3±107.2 μg/kg. Thirteen percent of the farms used both iodine teat-dip and iodine in their backflush systems; their milk iodine concentrations averaged 251.3±153.9 μg/kg. While the concentration difference between farms using iodine in both the teat-dip and backflush system and farms in the other three groups was statistically significant, the mean concentration was still well below the maximum limit of 500 μg/kg imposed by health agencies in some countries. Overall, 30.7% of samples measured has less than 100 μg iodine/kg; 70.1% had less than 200 μg/kg; 88.8% had less than 300 μg/kg; 94.4% had less than 400 μg/kg; and 98.1% had less than 500 μg/kg.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in bovine milk and associated risk factors among dairy farms of Punjab, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
H. Thukral ◽  
P. Dhaka ◽  
J. Singh Bedi ◽  
R. Singh Aulakh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Mean Concentration

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in milk and milk products may pose a major public health concern. The present cross-sectional study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of AFM1 in bovine milk across all districts of Punjab, India and to identify the associated animal and farm level risk factors. A total of 402 milk samples (266 cow milk and 136 buffalo milk) were analysed using commercial ELISA and representative samples were confirmed using HPLC-FLD. The results revealed that 56.2 and 13.4% of the milk samples exceeded the maximum levels of the European Union, i.e. 0.05 μg/l and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), i.e. 0.5 μg/l for AFM1 in milk, respectively. On analysis of species variation, buffalo milk (prevalence: 56.6%; mean concentration: 0.42±0.9 μg/l) was found to have higher AFM1 levels than cow milk (prevalence: 56.0%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.3 μg/l), with statistically significant difference between mean concentrations (P<0.01) and non-significant difference between AFM1 prevalence (P=0.91). Furthermore, milk from commercial dairy farms (prevalence: 64.7%; mean concentration: 0.34±0.65 μg/l) was found to be more contaminated than from household dairy establishments (prevalence: 47.8%; mean concentration: 0.19±0.65 μg/l). The risk factors ‘above average milk yield/day’ (odds ratio (OR): 2.4) and ‘poor animal hygiene’ (OR: 1.9) were identified at animal level, and ‘intensive dairy farming’ (OR: 3.1) and ‘animal feed without aflatoxin binder’ (OR: 4.7) as farm level risk factors for AFM1 excretion above maximum levels of European Union in milk. Among cow breeds, the milk from ‘non-descript’ breed (OR: 11.5) was found to be most contaminated with AFM1 and the least from Jersey breed (OR: 1.0). The present study highlighted the presence of AFM1 in milk samples; therefore, regular monitoring of AFM1 in milk is required so that high risk regions and associated risk factors can be addressed appropriately.

Radioimmunoassay for human prothrombin.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 842-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iodine Monochloride ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract I describe a radioimmunoassay for human prothrombin, with use of a double-antibody technique. Antiserum raised in rabbits was absorbed with Al(OH)3 and heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min. 125I-labeled prothrombin retaining more than 90% of its biological activity was prepared by the iodine monochloride method. The mean concentration of prothrombin in plasma of 12 normal individuals was 100 +/- 29.4 mg/L (2 SD). Prothrombin values were somewhat lower than those obtained by the Laurell electroimmunoassay or by two-stage biological assay of the same plasma, done the same day. The biological values were converted to protein on the basis of 1960 int. units/mg by comparison with the other two assays. The ability of activation fragments of human prothrombin to inhibit binding of labeled prothrombin to its antibody was evaluated by competitive radioimmunoassay. Although precipitin lines formed with undiluted antiserum against all the fragments tested (F-1, F-1.2, prethrombin-1, and thrombin), none of the fragments competed well with prothrombin, even in 10-fold molar excess. Evidently, the structural integrity of the prothrombin molecule is essential for its maximum binding to the antiserum, and antigenic sites are lost during its activation.

Evaluation of Raw Milk Quality Tests

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. WHITE ◽  
W. T. GILLIS ◽  
D. L. SIMMLER ◽  
M. K. GALAL ◽  
J. R. WALSH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Mean

A study was done to evaluate raw milk quality tests in an attempt to answer some questions regarding values or standards by which milk acceptance is determined. Initially, of 315 individual producer samples, 226 (72%) had proteolytic psychrotrophs. More than 90% of these psychrotrophs were of the genus Pseudomonas. All samples were obtained from four dairy companies processing milk in Georgia. One dairy had individual producers whose milk samples contained a large percentage of thermoduric psychrotrophs. “Bitter” flavors were more prevalent in samples collected from this dairy than in samples from the other three dairies. The degree of measurable proteolysis (Hull value) was directly correlated with the incidence of the naturally occurring “bitter” flavor. The mean Hull value for milk from this dairy (30.62 μg/ml) was 12–14 μg higher than the other three means. The mean Hull value for the “bitter” samples was 46 μg/ml.

COPPER TO MOLYBDENUM RATIO AND MOLYBDENUM AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN RUMINANT FEEDS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration

Molybdenum and Cu concentrations and Cu/Mo ratios were determined on samples of legume hay, grass legume hay, grass hay, sedge hay, oat forage, corn silage and grains throughout British Columbia. In addition, the relationships between Cu distribution and both Mo concentration and the Cu/Mo ratio were determined for all feeds. The critical Cu/Mo ratio was selected as 2.0, and samples with ratios below 2.0 would be expected to cause conditioned copper deficiency. Sedge hays had a mean Cu/Mo ratio of 2.1, which was less than half the mean ratio of 4.4 for grass hays. The mean ratios for the other classes of feed were 5.0 or higher. Notwithstanding the favorable mean ratios, 19% of all samples had ratios below 2.0. The lowest Cu/Mo ratio was 0.1 and the highest was 52.7, which shows extreme variability. Molybdenum concentrations were generally low, with 35% of all samples below 1 ppm Mo. There were no unusually high Mo concentrations, as only 1% of all feeds were above 8.0 ppm Mo and the highest value was 9.9 ppm. Copper concentrations were low. Fourteen percent of all samples were below 3.0 ppm and 95% of all samples were below 10.0 ppm. Legume feeds had a mean Cu concentration of 7.5 ppm, in contrast to sedge hays which had a mean concentration of 3.3 ppm Cu. As Cu concentrations increased in all feeds the Cu/Mo ratios also increased, when all feeds were considered in one compilation. Molybdenum concentrations were high, then decreased, but increased to the same high concentrations as Cu concentrations increased. These data indicate an unexpectedly high and nutritionally important variability in Cu/Mo ratios, and add further support to our previous report of extensive low levels of Cu. Both Cu and Mo analyses are required to predict the need for Cu supplementation. This appears to be the first extensive report on Cu/Mo ratios in feeds.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 in traditional and industrial pasteurized milk samples from Tiran County, Isfahan Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Khadijeh Jafari ◽  
Ayub Ebadi Fathabad ◽  
Yadolah Fakhri ◽  
Maryam Shamsaei ◽  
Mohammad Miri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
European Union ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Isfahan Province ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

In this study, the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentration in traditional and industrial milk and risk assessment due to AFM1 exposure using the Monte Carlo simulations technique was investigated. The mean concentration of AFM1 in traditional and industrial milk samples was 53.00 ± 11.49 and 54.33 ± 12.22 ng/L, respectively, which was higher than European Union and Codex standards. Percentile 95% of hazard quotient (HQ) adults and children due to industrial ingestion milk was 1.056 and 4.956, and traditional milk was 1.031 and 5.116, respectively. Hazard quotient in all age consumers was higher than 1. Therefore, consumers are at a considerable health risk.

Approach to transverse uniformity of concentration distribution of a solute in a solvent flowing along a straight pipe

2014 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 196-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Wu ◽  
G. Q. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Straight Pipe ◽  
Concentration Difference ◽  
Molecular Diffusivity ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Transverse Variation

AbstractAssociated with Taylor’s classical analysis of scalar solute dispersion in the laminar flow of a solvent in a straight pipe, this work explores the approach towards transverse uniformity of concentration distribution. Mei’s homogenization technique is extended to find solutions for the concentration transport. Chatwin’s result for the approach to longitudinal normality is recovered in terms of the mean concentration over the cross-section. The asymmetrical structure of the concentration cloud and the transverse variation of the concentration distribution are concretely illustrated for the initial stage. The rate of approach to uniformity is shown to be much slower than that to normality. When the longitudinal normality of mean concentration is well established, the maximum transverse concentration difference remains near one-half of the centroid concentration of the cloud. A time scale up to$10 R^2/D$($R$is the radius of the pipe and$D$is the molecular diffusivity) is suggested to characterize the transition to transverse uniformity, in contrast to the time scale of$0.1 R^2/D$estimated by Taylor for the initial stage of dispersion, and that of$1.0 R^2/D$by Chatwin for longitudinal normality.

The distribution of coenzyme Q in the tissues of the gravid ewe and fetus

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-573
Author(s):  
M. Hidiroglou
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Data on coenzyme Q tissue concentrations were obtained from 26 ewes and their fetuses from 50 days postconception to term. Coenzyme Q concentrations were low in early embryonic life. A significant increase was observed in coenzyme Q concentration in the 4-month-old or older fetal heart and kidney. The mean concentration of coenzyme Q in fetal liver increased also with advance in gestation but with less consistency than in the other tissues.

scholarly journals Arsenic and Cadmium Risk Assessment in a Domestic Wastewater Irrigated Area Using Samples of Water, Soil and Forages as Indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal Khan ◽  
Kafeel Ahmad ◽  
Musarrat Batool ◽  
Ifra Saleem Malik ◽  
Humayun Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Wet Digestion ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Irrigation Purpose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Maximum Limit

The recent research was performed to investigate the toxicity of As and Cd in suburban area of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Water, soil and forage samples were collected for this purpose in summer and winter season and analysis was done via wet digestion to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals. The mean concentration of As and Cd in water was found above the permissible maximum limit. Mean concentration of Cd in soil and forages was lower than the allowed limit whereas As which was higher than the PML in forages. So, continuous use of domestic wastewater for irrigation purpose should be avoided in order to secure the area from any hazard in near future.

scholarly journals Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seblework Mekonen ◽  
Argaw Ambelu ◽  
Mekitie Wondafrash ◽  
Patrick Kolsteren ◽  
Pieter Spanoghe
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

AbstractBreast milk is often used as an environmental bioindicator since it serves as an important medium to accumulate organochlorine pesticides. The main aim of this study is to determine the level of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk collected from three districts of southwestern Ethiopia (Asendabo, Deneba, and Serbo) at three times points baselines (1st month), midline ( six months), and end line (12 months) and risk of infants’ exposure. A longitudinal study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in human breast milk samples and evaluate the risk-exposure of infants to these pesticides from consumption of mother’s milk in Ethiopia. Breast milk samples were collected from 168 mothers at three time points and pesticides were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The level of pesticide residues in human milk samples and exposure of infants to the pesticides was evaluated by calculating the estimated daily intake and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake of the pesticides under study. The results indicated that, from the eight organochlorine pesticides analyzed in 447 breast milk samples at three sampling times, DDT and its metabolites were detected. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in all (100%) of the breast milk samples while, p,p-DDD, and o,p-DDT were detected in 53.9%, and 42.7%, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT at three time points(baseline, midline and endline) were 2.25, 1.68 and 1.32 µg/g milk fat, respectively. The mean concentration of total DDT from the three districts was 1.85 µg/g milk fat which is above the maximum residue limit (MRL = 0.02 µg/g milk fat set by FAO/WHO). The mean ratio of DDT/DDE for the three areas was calculated less than five (< 5) indicates historical DDT use in the study area. The estimated daily intake of infants at the first month of breastfeeding was 11.24 µg/kg-BW/day, above the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for total DDT set by FAO/WHO, which is 10 µg/kg body weight. An intake of OCPs is a big concern for infants' health in Ethiopia and countries with a similar condition, particularly at the first month of lactation. Strict regulations of the health-threatening pesticide by the regulatory body (Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission) at the country and regional levels is advocated.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Bulk and Composite Milk and Cattle Handlers

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. ADESIYUN ◽  
L. A. WEBB ◽  
H. T. ROMAIN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bulk and composite milk and from cattle handlers on dairy farms in Trinidad were determined. S. aureus strains were isolated from all 175 bulk milk samples tested (100%) while 280 of 287 composite milk samples (97.6%) yielded S. aureus. The mean counts of S. aureus in bulk milk ranged from 5.9 × 103 to 1.2 × 105 CFU/ml compared with mean S. aureus counts in composite milk which ranged from 2.4 × 103 to 3.0 × 104 CFU/ml. Of the 105 strains of S. aureus from bulk milk tested, 45 (42.9%) were enterotoxigenic elaborating staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC, SED, or a combination compared to 69 of 146 strains (47.3%) recovered from composite milk which were enterotoxigenic, but the difference was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; χ2)- Twenty-two of 42 bulk milk samples containing enterotoxigenic S. aureus (52.4%) had counts of the organism which exceeded 104 CFU/ml. For S. aureus strains isolated from cattle handlers, 66 of 146 (45.2%) were enterotoxigenic. Prevalence of resistance to nine antimicrobial agents tested was 18.7% and 12.9% among bulk milk and composite milk isolates, respectively, compared to 49.3% and 69.5% among isolates from human anterior nares and hand swabs, respectively. Resistance to ampicillin and penicillin was highest among both milk (12.2%) and human (53.6%) isolates of S. aureus, and the difference was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001; χ2) It was concluded that bulk milk containing relatively high counts of enterotoxigenic S. aureus may constitute a health hazard to consumers.

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