X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Clinical Laboratory

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Natelson ◽  
Bertrum Sheid
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wet Ashing

Abstract X-ray spectroscopy was applied to the determination of the total phosphorus content of serum and the iron content of whole blood (hemoglobin). Samples were placed on confined spots on paper, dried, then passed through the X-ray field. Concentration was then determined from the peaks as drawn on a recorder. A device is described that permits automatic assay of successive samples dried on paper without delays between readings. Samples are placed in the field and rapidly withdrawn at 30-sec. intervals, the response of the recorder serving as a measure of concentration. Results for total phosphorus in serum and total iron in whole blood were compared with those obtained by a wet ashing procedure. No significant difference with respect to both mean values and precision was observed except that total iron by the wet ashing procedure was more precise. However, the X-ray technic was adequate for clinical purposes. Hemoglobin levels calculated from whole-blood iron values demonstrated that bilirubin, red cell debris, leukocytes, and lipids interfered in the colorimetric but not in the X-ray procedure. A hemoglobinometer based on the X-ray spectroscopic technic may, therefore, yield results of greater clinical significance.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphorus in Certifiable Straight Color Additives: Collaborative Study

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-813
Author(s):  
Wallace S Brammell ◽  
◽  
C Arozarena ◽  
J Hunter ◽  
H G Kiernan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Phosphorus Content ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid ◽  
Acid Reagent

Abstract A simple and rapid spectrophotometric method was developed for determining the total phosphorus content of certifiable straight color additives. The dye sample is mixed with a cellulose powder and MgO mixture, and ashed at 500°C in a small Pyrex beaker in a muffle furnace. The ash is dissolved in vanadomolybdic acid reagent and filtered through glass wool, and the absorbance of the resulting yellow molybdovanadophosphoric acid solution is measured at 400 nm. The total phosphorus content of the sample, expressed as percent Na3PO4, is determined from a standard curve. Recovery of phosphorus added as KH2PO4 to 39 different dyes in amounts equivalent to 0.300% Na3PO4 ranged from 95.3 to 106.8%, averaging 100.6%. In the collaborative study, 7 laboratories successfully performed duplicate analyses of 6 different dyes (D&C Orange No. 5, D&C Yellow No. 8, FD&C Blue No. 2, FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 40, and FD&C Green No. 3). The mean values found ranged from 0.325 to 6.86% Na3PO4. In general, the accuracy and reproducibility of the method were satisfactory, with single determination coefficients of variation ranging from 3.76 to 9.60%. The method was adopted official first action.

Poorly soluble, iron-aluminium phosphates in ammonium phosphate fertilizers: Their nature and availability to plants

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
P Mangano
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Total Phosphorus Content ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Poorly Soluble ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

Both monoammonium and diammonium phosphate fertilizers contain various (Ca,Mg)(NH4)- (Fe,Al)(PO4)(F,OH)H2O compounds that are insoluble in water and comprise 4.9-9.9% of the total phosphorus content of the fertilizers. The compounds have been isolated and characterized by chemical, X-ray powder diffraction, ix., and thermogravimetric techniques. The compounds are only 35-60% as effective as monocalcium phosphate (MCP) in supplying phosphorus to wheat grown under glasshouse conditions. The residual effectiveness of the compounds for a second crop of wheat was generally lower (10-20% relative to freshly applied MCP) than the residual value of MCP (20 %).

scholarly journals Determination of ventilatory threshold based on rating of perceived exertion scale

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanimir Stojiljkovic ◽  
Dejan Nesic ◽  
Sanja Mazic ◽  
Dejana Popovic ◽  
Dusan Mitrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Continuous Test ◽  
Dependent Samples ◽  
Increasing Load

The objective of the study was to test the possibility of using the fixed value (12-13) of the Rating of Perceived scale (RPE scale), as a valid method for determination of ventilatory threshold (VT). The sample of the subjects included 32 physically active males (age: 22.3; TV: 180.5; TM: 75.5 kg; V02max: 57.1 mL/kg/min). During the continuous test of progressively increasing load on a treadmill, cardiorespiratory and other parameters were monitored using ECG and gas analyzer. Following the test, VT and V02max were determined. During the test, at each level, at the scale from 6 to 20, the subjects pointed the number that suited best their currently feeling of strain. The RPE threshold was defined as constant value of 12-13. Average values of ventilatory and RPE threshold were expressed by parameters that were monitored and then compared by using t-test for dependent samples. No significant difference was found between mean values of VT and RPE threshold, when they were expressed by relevant parameters: speed, load, heart rate, absolute and relative oxygen consumption. Fixed value (12-13) of RPE scale may be used to detect the exercise intensity that corresponds to ventilatory threshold.

scholarly journals Chemical, Mineralogical, and Refractory Characterization of Kaolin in the Regions of Huayacocotla-Alumbres, Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
L. M. Romero-Guerrero ◽  
R. Moreno-Tovar ◽  
A. Arenas-Flores ◽  
Y. Marmolejo Santillán ◽  
F. Pérez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polarization Optical Microscopy ◽  
Plagioclase Feldspar ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mullite Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Stability

In the present work, the chemical, mineralogical, refractory, and microstructural characterizations of kaolinites from the Huayacocotla-Alumbres region, which is between Veracruz and Hidalgo border, by X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarization optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), refractoriness proof (pyrometric cone equivalent), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were carried out. The analysis by POM showed that the kaolinization degree in this region is variable due to the presence of primary minerals, such as plagioclase, feldspar, and quartz. Additionally, hydrothermal alteration of the epithermal type was determined by oxidation of sulfides (pyrite and galena) and chlorite association. With the X-ray diffraction technique, andalusite and kaolinite were identified as the majority phases in Huayacocotla and quartz was identified as the majority phase in Alumbres. The minority phases, such as dickite, kaolinite, and cristobalite, were observed in both zones. The SEM technique was useful in the determination of the morphology of kaolinite and impurities of Na, Mg, K, and Fe of the complex clay illite-andalusite-dickite group. Thermogravimetric analysis was useful to discover the decomposition temperature and reveal the significant difference between 400 and 800°C, which showcases the greatest mass loss due to dehydration and carbonates decomposition. The mullite phase was detected at approximately 1000°C in the kaolin samples. The refractoriness tests were important to determine the stability temperature of kaolin, which is between 1300 and 1600°C. This stability temperature makes it feasible to use the kaolin as a refractory material for both low and high temperatures. The variables that affect the kaolin stability temperature were determined by principal components with the XLSTAT free program.

Colorimetric Method for Rapid Determination of Serum Arginase

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 900-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Mellerup
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Clinical Routine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Enzymatic Formation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Men

Abstract A method for the determination of serum arginase is given which combines the enzymatic formation of urea with the sensitive method of Coulombe (1) for measuring this substance. This procedure allows more accurate determinations in the normal range than do previous methods described and is convenient for clinical routine. Significant difference is found between the mean values of normal men and women, 3.9 units/L. for the former and 2.9 units/L. for the latter.

scholarly journals Zero order and area under curve spectrophotometric methods for determination of Levocetirizine in pharmaceutical formulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Audumbar Digambar Mali ◽  
Ritesh Bathe ◽  
Manojkumar Patil ◽  
Ashpak Tamboli
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Curve Method ◽  
The Mean

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Levocetirizine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in methanol. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the zero order derivative values measured at 230 nm and the area under the curve method values measured at 227-234 nm (n=2). Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Levocetirizine using 5-25?g/ml (r=0.998 and r=0.999) for zero order and area under the curve spectrophotometric method. All the proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. Developed spectrophotometric methods in this study are simple, accurate, precise and sensitive to assay of Levocetirizine in tablets.

scholarly journals Estimation of Levocetirizine in Bulk and Formulation by First Order Derivative Area under Curve UV-Spectrophotometric Methods.

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 09
Author(s):  
Pandurang Tukaram Mane
Keyword(s):  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Order Derivative ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
First Order ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Significant Difference

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Levocetirizine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Methanol. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the second order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 235-243 nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Levocetirizine using 5-25?g/ml (r=0.9994) for first order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. The proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Levocetirizine in pharmaceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Formulation by Second Order Derivative Area Under Curve UV-Spectrophotometric Methods.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Rekha Sudam Kharat
Keyword(s):  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Derivative ◽  
Tramadol Hydrochloride ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Significant Difference

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Distilled Water. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the second order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 272-280nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Tramadol Hydrochloride using 2-10?g/ml (r=0.9925) for second order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. All the proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Tramadol Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations.

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