Development and Validation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

A simple, rapid, accurate, precise and economic spectrophotometric technique for estimation of tramadol hydrochloride in 0.1N HCl have been developed. Tramadol Hydrochloride exhibit absorbance most 270nm when 0.1N HCl used as solvent proportion, so absorbance was once measured at the identical wavelengths for the determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride obeys Beer Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 20-180µg/ml. The present study describes development and validation of simple and economic UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk and injection dosage form using absorbance maxima method. Solubility studies indicated that a Tramadol Hydrochloride shows better solubility in proposed diluents i.e., 0.1N HCl solution the ? max of Tramadol Hydrochloride was found to be 270nm. Because of cost effective and minimal maintenance, the present UV spectrophotometric methods can be preferred at small scale industries as compared to other reported methods.

Chronic exposure to tramadol induces cardiac inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in mice

Tramadol is an opioid extensively used to treat moderate to severe pain; however, prolonged therapy is associated with several tissues damage. Chronic use of tramadol was linked to increased hospitalizations due to cardiovascular complications. Limited literature has described the effects of tramadol on the cardiovascular system, so we sought to investigate these actions and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Mice received tramadol hydrochloride (40 mg/kg body weight) orally for 4 successive weeks. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiac toxicity were assessed. In addition, eNOS expression was evaluated. Our results demonstrated marked histopathological alteration in heart and aortic tissues after exposure to tramadol. Tramadol upregulated the expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in mice heart and aorta, whereas downregulated eNOS expression. Tramadol caused cardiac damage shown by the increase in LDH, Troponin I, and CK-MB activities in serum samples. Overall, these results highlight the risks of tramadol on the cardiovascular system.

Nephrectomy in Patient of Chronic Pyelonephritis with Non Functioning Kidney on Left Side: A Case Report

Introduction: There are two types of renal surgery i.e. partial nephrectomy and one other is total nephrectomy. Mostly, nephrostomy performs in malignant tumors of the renal. Sometimes it performs in kidney injury due to that no longer function and it may create any obstructive disorder in the renal system. Patient Information: A 45-year-old male patient presented with complaints of pain in the abdomen since 4 months. The patient was advised to ultrasonography abdomen and pelvis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) abdomen and pelvis were done. Previous treatment was undergone left-sided PCN for gross hydronephrosis of the left kidney. But after 4 months patient developed abdomen pain which was insidious in onset and progressive in nature. The pain was dull aching, in the left loin region, radiating to the back and intermittent. There are no aggravating or relieving factors associated with it and the patient is now referred to our hospital for further management patient was admitted to the male surgical ward. After the surgery planed left simple nephrectomy. Post-operative medication given, Inj. Revotaz (Piperacillin and tazobactam) 4.45 gm, Inj. Nirmet (Metronidazole) 100 ml, Inj Pantomay (Pantoprazole) 40 mg, Inj. Setron (Ondansetron) 4 mg, Inj tramadex (Tramadol hydrochloride) 100 mg, Inj temfix IV (Paracetamol) 100 ml. Discussion: Nephrectomy is one of the urologists conducting the most common ablative surgery. A non-functional kidney or an irreversibly impaired kidney is the commonest sign for a nephrectomy. Chronic infection, obstruction, calculus disease and serious traumatic injury are other typical indications for nephrectomy. Conclusion: In this case, the patient was on a closed monitor. To accomplish overall the situation during the time of surgery. Over all the patient response was positive for conservative and nursing management and after treatment the patient was discharged without any postoperative complications and satisfaction with full recovery.

Investigating antimicrobial features and drug interactions of sedoanalgesics in intensive care unit: an experimental study

Study Objective: Aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial effects and interaction between analgesic combinations of fentanyl citrate, dexmedetomidine hydrochloride and tramadol hydrochloride on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans which are some of the most common nosocomial infection related microorganisms. Design: In vitro prospective study. Setting: University Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Measurements: In order to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial effects and interaction between analgesic combinations, tramadol hydrochloride, fentanyl citrate and dexmedetomidin were used against S. aureus ATCC 29213, K. pneumoniae, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 standard strains by microdilution method. Main Results: According to microdilution assays tramadol has shown the most efficient antimicrobial activity also it has been observed that 10 mg/ml concentrated dexmedetomidine has antimicrobial effects on S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Fentanyl has displayed evident inhibitory potency on the pathogens except for Klebsiella pneumoniae, nevertheless our predefined minimum concentration inhibited growth by 9.5 %. Fentanyl and dexmedetomidine together exhibited more antimicrobial effect on P. aeruginosa and E. coli growth. Additionally, when the three drugs examined together, microbial inhibition occurred more than expected on E. coli again and also on C. albicans growth. Conclusions: Our results revealed the antimicrobial properties and synergy with the different combinations of fentanyl, dexmedetomidine and tramadol against the most common nosocomial infection agents in the ICU. This is the first study in the literature looking into the microbial “interactions” of opioids and sedative drugs but more research is needed in order to define clinico-laboratory correlation. ©2021 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Effectiveness of tramadol compared to pentazocine in pain management during labour

Background: Pain and agony during childbirth is quite often unbearable and at times beyond description. Pain relief can help in removing curb due to pain. To determine the efficacy of intramuscular tramadol hydrochloride as an analgesic during labor compared to those of pentazocine.Methods: This randomized controlled trial conducted at Jinnah post graduate medical center, ward 8 (Gynaecology and obstetrics) between 2nd December 2013 to 1st June 2014 after approval from the ethical committee of the hospital. Pregnant women aged 15 to 45 years, parity ≥1 with Gestational age between 37 to 42 weeks with a single fetus were included in this study. The subjects fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled after informed consent. Women were allocated randomly to pentazocine or tramadol. Labour pain was assessed immediately by 4-point visual rating scale before, at 30, and 60 minutes after injection of the trial drug and mean score was calculated. The data was analysed using SPSS version 20.Results: A total of 128 patients were randomized to ether tramadol or pentazocine. The mean age of enrolled participants is 30±7.01 years and 53.1% participants were below 30 years of age. Of 64 patients who received tramadol, 53 (82.8%) had pain relief compared to 39 (60.9%) in patient who received pentazocine (p=0.005).Conclusions: It is concluded from this study that tramadol is more effective in reducing labor pain

Evaluation of nociception comparing analgesia protocols in cats submitted to elective ovariohisterectomy

Felines have a high potential to produce numerous progenies and the most indicated birth control is the ovariohysterectomy surgical procedure. The procedure causes a postoperative pain process, so an effective protocol is needed to assess pain and control it. The study was conducted with 40 females, which were divided into three distinct groups that were given different analgesic protocols, consisting of dipyrone sodium isolated, dipyrone sodium associated with meloxicam and dipyrone sodium associated with tramadol hydrochloride. The objective of the research was to evaluate three analgesic protocols in order to verify the most effective and affordable one. It was observed that the three protocols are viable and effective, however, dipyrone associated with meloxicam showed greater pain control.