Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil around Amasoma Community in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Aims: Anthropogenic activities such as crude oil exploration and exploitation has led to the suspicion of heavy metals contamination in the study area. This study investigated the concentration of zinc, nickel, lead and cadmium in the soil extracted from the area where Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw tree (Carica papaya) are grown in Amassoma community, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Study Design: Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw tree (Carica papaya) soils from where these plants are grown were randomly collected for heavy metal analysis from within Amassoma community in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State between March 2019 to September 2019 Methodology: Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw tree (Carica papaya) soils were digested and analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, model S471096). The method used was wet-ashing method for the analysis. Results: the concentrations of Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), and Zinc (Zn), in pawpaw soil and scent leaf soil. From the sample data analysis, the average lead (Pb) contents in pawpaw soil and scent leaf soil were 1.283 mg/kg and 1.44 mg/kg respectively. The average Cadmium (Cd) in pawpaw soil and scent leaf soil were 0.256 mg/kg and 0.256 mg/kg respectively. The average Nickel (Ni) compositions in pawpaw soil and scent leaf soil were 4.71 mg/kg and 5.09 mg/kg respectively. While the Average Zinc (Zn) in pawpaw soil and scent leaf soil is 2.280 mg/kg and 2.160 mg/kg respectively. The soil analyzed for heavy metals were below the threshold target values recommended by the WHO. Conclusion: The Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and Pawpaw tree (Carica papaya) soils analyzed for heavy metals were below the permissible limit recommended by WHO for soil safety. The result from the present study revealed that there may not be soil contamination as a result of the selected heavy metals, however, It is recommended that caution should be taken in regulating the anthropogenic activities that may tend to elevate the level of heavy metals in the surrounding to prevent contamination of soil over time which could be detrimental to the health of the populace.

Analysis of Leading Metal (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Content Green Shells (perna viridis L.) in the Kreneng Market

This research was conducted to determine the content of heavy metals lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in green shells circulating in the kreneng market. Samples of green shells were taken from the kreneng market, Bali. Then analysis of the content of lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) in the Analytical Laboratory of Udayana University. Samples of green mussels (Perna viridis L.) Were opened from the shell to take the meat. Furthermore, the sample is mashed by chopping and pounding and put into erlenmeyer. Each sample was given 3 repetitions using the factorial pattern RAL. Then with a wet ashing process (wet destruction). The results showed that the heavy metal content of lead and cadmium in green mussels (Perna viridis L.) Exceeded the maximum limit of heavy metal contamination. The heavy metal content of lead (Pb) shellfish taken at the Kreneng Market is 29.595 mg / kg while the heavy metal content of cadmium (Cd) taken at the Kreneng market is 3.41 mg / kg the result of the heavy metal content analyzed exceeds the predetermined by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM).

Perbedaan Penyerapan Pb pada Berbagai Jenis Tanaman

Air pollution comes from many factors, one of which comes from vehicles where the smoke produced by motor vehicles contains dangerous heavy metals, Pb. Ujung Gurun Road is one of the densely populated roads which has many pollutant-absorbing plants that line the roadside. This research was conducted with the aim to determine differences in plant types in absorbing lead content (Pb) of air on the road. Analytical research with a comparative study approach. The measurement used is the Wet Ashing Method (wet ashing) for the destruction of the sample, then analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Data were analyzed using Anova test to see whether there were differences in Glondokan, Mahogany and Angsana plants in absorbing lead air. The results showed lead levels in leaves of glondokan plants were 0.9134 μg / g higher than leaves of mahogany plants as much as 0.764 ug / g and angsana 0.40 ug / g. There is a significant difference in the types of plants in the absorption of air Pb levels in Jalan Ujung Gurun Padang City with p value 0.002 where p <a. For this reason, the monday plant can be used as one of the plants that can be used as one of the government program plants for the absorption of Pb content of air produced by motor vehicles other than mahogany and angsana.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Biology and Medicine

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is widely used when determining the concentrations of elements in various materials in biological research. Current review considers the achievements related to the features of the XRF method. X-ray fluorescence analysis in most cases is a non-destructive method that has proven its potential for measuring the concentrations of elements with a high atomic number Z in organs and tissues in vivo. The main areas of its application in biology and medicine are content determination of basic and toxic elements in plants, samples of bones, teeth, hairs, nails and tissues of vital organs, body fluids such as blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, etc. Usually, these studies are part of applied programs that include environmental and metabolic analyses of the population, including the influence of professional factors. The advantages of XRF are also discussed with regards to biological materials. It is noted that the form of the element in the sample practically does not affect the analysis result. In recent years, several new XRF spectrometers models have been designed, where polycapillary lenses and half lenses are used as collimating systems. This is important in the case of in vivo application of X-ray fluorescence determination of certain elements in bones and tissues. The dynamic development is typical for detectors with thermoelectric cooling. Variants of preparation of biological materials for analysis are discussed (grinding, dry or wet ashing, acid decomposition, use of suspensions in the case of XRF with TIR). The results of evaluating the interelement effects for XRF of materials of plant origin, including herbs, spices, apple leaves, birch and tomato leaves, tea, wheat, rye, rice, oatmeal, flax flour, beans, ground, and instant coffee are presented. Examples of the use of XRF in various types of forensic research are considered: poisoning, counterfeiting of drugs and food brands, dental implants, identification of remains. The review presents examples of the participation of Russian X-ray physicists in solving the problems under consideration. The list of references is 400 papers, mainly including the publications of the last 20 years.

INVESTIGATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF MOSS, WHICH IS A NATURAL BIOINDICATOR, FOR AIR MONITORING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

Here are the results of determining the chemical composition of moss in the East Kazakhstan region. The following research stages were carried out: harvesting plant materials; methods of taking samples of the studied material for analysis; determination of the concentration of elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Developed methods for dry and wet ashing bioindicator. The results of the analysis of moss obtained by the ICP-MS method and the instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) method are compared. The reliability of the results of the analysis by the method of additives and photometric determination of the concentration of elements was determined.

FEATURES OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TOP HUMUS ACER NEGUNDO L. (SAPINDACEAE) IN CONDI-TIONS OF BREACHED BOTTOMLAND PHYTOCENOSES

The article analyzes the results of the biochemical composition of top humus of various phytogenic zones of Acer negundo L. under the conditions of breached bottomland plant communities. Sampling was carried out on trial plots in various conditions of crown density, taking into account the zones of influence of trees. The outer zone of single trees was chosen as a control. Ash content was determined by dry ashing; the content of nitrogen and phosphorus - from one sample after wet ashing: nitrogen - according to the Kjeldahl method, phosphorus – according to the Murphy and Riley method; lignin accumulation – using 72% sulfuric acid solution. Statistical data processing and graphing were performed using the standard software package StatSoft STATISTICA 8.0. for Windows and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Some features of the chemical composition of the top humus A. negundo in the conditions of breached bottomland phytocenoses are revealed. In single trees in unclosed stands in the subcrown and near-gutted zones, the largest amount of ash was found, while in trees with a crowns density of 50–60%, higher values of nitrogen, phosphorus and lignin were found in comparison with other groups of trees and with control. The most strongly differing indicator of the chemical composition of top humus at test sites was the content of ash and lignin, to a lesser extent the content of nitrogen and phosphorus varied. Experimental data can be used to assess the state of the ground cover and the formation of soil organic matter in forest communities.

EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF ZINC WHEN ZINC HYDROXIDE NANOFORM IS ADMINISTERED ENTERALY AND INTRAVASCULARY

In vivo experiments on rabbits studied pharmacokinetic properties of Zn2+ under administration of zinc hydroxide nanoparticles (2-3 nm) that were obtained by sol-gel me-thod. Soluble zinc sulfate was selected as a comparison compound. Measurement of plasma Zn2+ levels was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with preliminary sample preparation method by wet ashing. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after sin-gle enteral administration (doses 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and single intravenous injection (doses 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg). Absolute bioavailability for nanoparticles was found to have high values 33,013,55%, 45,153,68% and 43,182,71% for 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg enteral administration respectively.

Levels of essential and toxic metals in fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) cultivated in different parts of Ethiopia

Summary The levels of the major (Ca, K, Na, Mg), trace (Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co), and toxic (Pb, Cd) metals in the seeds of fenugreek cultivated in different regions of Ethiopia were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Wet ashing was used to digest 0.5 g of fenugreek seed flour using 1.5 mL of HNO3 and HClO4 acid mixtures (5:1 ratio), 30 min pre-digestion time, 45 min total digestion time and a temperature of 150 °C. Thirteen elements were determined, obtaining concentrations in the following ranges: Ca (15353-36771 mg kg-1) > Fe (6041-18584 mg kg-1) ≈ K (6789-11517 mg kg-1) > Pb (615-2624 mg kg-1) > Na (201-1559 mg kg-1) > Cd (285-464 mg kg-1) > Cr (3-552 mg kg-1) > Ni (31-108 mg kg-1) > Mg (31-102 mg kg-1) > Zn (15-33 mg kg-1) > Mn (16-28 mg kg-1) > Cu (ND-35 mg kg-1) > Co (4-15 mg kg-1). A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence level revealed there were significant differences between the mean metal contents of fourteen sample means, except for Zn. Pearson’s correlation revealed weak positive or negative linear relationships, which implies that the presence of one metal did not affect the presence of the other metals within the plant, except for a few metals. The study showed that fenugreek seeds were a good source of essential metals. However, they also contained large amounts of the toxic metals Cd and Pb and therefore should not be consumed daily.