X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Clinical Laboratory

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Natelson ◽  
Bertrum Sheid
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
Small Circle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inorganic Iodine

Abstract A procedure is described for the determination of protein-bound iodine of human serum with the X-ray spectrometer. The protein-bound iodine is extracted from serum at acid pH with alcohol-ether (3:1) solution. Evaporation of this extract results in the loss of the inorganic iodine. The residue is extracted with ammoniacal methanol, evaporated on filter paper, and exposed to the X-ray field. The Lα radiation is evaluated using the flow proportional counter. An instrument is described for evaporating the ammoniacal methanol in a confined area on the paper. The residue from the alcohol-ether extract may also be digested, with the liberated iodine distilled onto a small circle of filter paper (in a simple apparatus described) and the filter paper exposed to the X-ray field. The procedure requires 2 ml. of serum. Levels obtained by this method are somewhat lower than those obtained by an ashing procedure followed by the ceric-arsenite reaction. The X-ray method is more precise than the conventional procedures. In preliminary studies, the mean normal value found by this method was 4.7 µg./100 ml. of serum, with a range of ± 0.6 (2 σ).

X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Clinical Laboratory

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Natelson ◽  
Morton R Richelson ◽  
Bertram Sheid ◽  
Stephen L Bender
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
Helium Atmosphere ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Flame Photometer ◽  
Counting Time ◽  
Near Future

Abstract A practical procedure is described for the analysis of ultramicro quantities of serum for calcium and potassium using the x-ray spectrometer. The serum is applied and dried in a confined spot on filter paper. The sample is then exposed to the x-ray field. The Kα lines of these elements are isolated and their intensity measured, with a flow proportional counter in a helium atmosphere. Reproducibility is of the order of ±5% (2σ) for these elements, with an approximately one-minute counting time. The results compare favorably with those obtained with the flame photometer for potassium and the Clark-Collip method for calcium. The x-ray method for calcium is more rapid and simpler than methods generally used in the clinical laboratory. The flame photometer is faster at present, but the instrument is readily automated by placing the serum sample in confined spots on tape. In this form it will probably find routine use for the electrolytes and other elements in the near future.

scholarly journals The electronic charge

1941 ◽  
Vol 178 (974) ◽  
pp. 243-272 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Rotating Cylinder ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Electronic Charge ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Drop Method ◽  
The Mean

The determination of e by a new oil-drop method in which the electric field is horizontal has been described. The expression for e in terms of quantities measured is similar to that which applies to H. A. Wilson’s method. The correction for the departure from Stokes’s law is obtained from Millikan’s relation e 2/4 1 = e 2/3 + m/pa , where e 1 is the uncorrected value of e, p cm. of mercury is the pressure and a cm. the radius of the drop. The oil drops used are larger than those used by previous experimenters, and their velocity of fall and the velocity in the direction of the electric field could be estimated with satisfactory accuracy. Assuming n 23 =1830 x 10 -7 c.g.s. unit, the value of e obtained is (4.8020 ± 0.0013) x 10 -10 e.s.u. The probable error calculated by the least squares is about one-third of that obtained by Millikan, whose result becomes (4.7992 + 0.0037) x 10 -10 e.s.u., when the above value of n 23 is assumed. The errors in the determination of n 23 by the rotating cylinder and the capillary tube method are discussed and the final mean n 23 = (1830.06 ± 2.5) x 10 -7 c.g.s. unit. is derived. This contributes an error of 1 in 500 in e and is its major uncertainty by the oil-drop method. Recent determinations of the electronic charge by the X-ray method have been analysed. The mean value of e by this method is deduced to be (4.8044 ± 0.0007) x 10 -10 e.s.u., and this result differs from the mean of the determinations of Millikan and the authors (4.8007 ± 0.002) x 10 -10 e.s.u., by 0.0037 x 10 -10 e.s.u., which is less than the error due to the viscosity of air. Assuming the X-ray value of e , the viscosity of air can be deduced and is found to be (1830.9 ± 0.5) x 10 -7 c.g.s. unit at 23° C.

Global X-Ray Method for the Determination of Stress Profiles

2002 ◽  
Vol 404-407 ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Michel Sprauel ◽  
H. Michaud
Keyword(s):  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Profiles

The Use of the Pseudo-Voigt Function in the Variance Method of X-ray Line-Broadening Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sánchez-Bajo ◽  
F. L. Cumbrera
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Line Broadening ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Variance Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voigt Function

A modified application of the variance method, using the pseudo-Voigt function as a good approximation to the X-ray diffraction profiles, is proposed in order to obtain microstructural quantities such as the mean crystallite size and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) strain. Whereas the variance method in its original form is applicable only to well separated reflections, this technique can be employed in the cases where there is line-profile overlap. Determination of the mean crystallite size and r.m.s. strain for several crystallographic directions in a nanocrystalline cubic sample of 9-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) has been performed by means of this procedure.

scholarly journals Analysis of diagnostic possibilities of radio- logic and CT examination for pelvic injuries in children

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
E. M. Kil’dyushov ◽  
I. V. Buromsky ◽  
V. M. Rozinov ◽  
L. E. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
Diagnostic Reliability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ct Examination ◽  
Radiologic Examination ◽  
Pelvic Injuries

The purpose of this report is the determination of the diagnostic reliability of routine radiologic and CT examinations for pelvic injuries in children. The comparative analysis of these examinations and postmortem morphologic studies of pelvic spesimens was performed in 10 children, aged 2-12 years. It was shown that the X-ray method allowed to diagnose only 47.37% and CT method - 76.32% of all real pelvic injuries (by morphological data) in those children. However, the detectability of damage of the structures that formed the anterior pelvic semi-ring was 50% by radiologic examination, and 60% by CT examination, while for the structures forming posterior pelvic semi-ring it was 44.44% and 94.44%, respectively.

EVALUATION OF THE STRESSED DEFORMED STATE OF MAIN GAS PIPELINES RUNNING IN PERMANENTLY FROZEN GROUNDS

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
M. M. Sidorov ◽  
N. I. Golikov ◽  
R. P. Tihonov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Loss Of Stability ◽  
Portable Equipment ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Deformed State ◽  
Pipeline Monitoring

The work evaluates the stress deformed state of the section of the interfield gas collecting main, running in permanently frozen grounds. The object of research is a section of a pipeline with an arched discharge formed as a result of loss of stability as a result of thermal erosion of permanently frozen grounds to disturbance of the vegetation cover. The determination of stresses was carried out by the X-ray method using portable equipment. The experimental data were analyzed with the calculated. The calculated data were obtained by measuring the spatial position of the gas pipeline section. The obtained values of the acting stresses and the estimates of the critical indicators of the gas pipeline monitoring section made it possible to reasonably estimate the stress state. The methodology for determining the acting stresses of pipelines using portable X-ray equipment can be successfully applied to estimate the stressed-deformed state of pipeline systems running in the zone of permafrost.

Enzyme immunoassay of free thyroxin in dried blood samples on filter paper.

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 750-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Hata ◽  
K Miyai ◽  
M Ito ◽  
Y Endo ◽  
Y Iijimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Double Antibody ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Measurable Range

Abstract We describe a double-antibody enzyme immunoassay for determination of free thyroxin (FT4) in dried blood samples on filter paper, with use of a T4-beta-D-galactosidase complex. The measurable range of FT4 concentration in two 3-mm blood discs, each of which contained about 2.7 microL of blood, was 1.9 to 93 ng/L, as determined by comparison with concentrations of FT4 in known serum standards. FT4 in blood samples dried on filter paper was stable for at least four weeks when kept dry at -20 degrees C, room temperature, or 37 degrees C. The mean coefficients of variation were 7.6% (within assay) and 6.4% (between assays). Results for FT4 by this method correlated well with those for serum determined by radioimmunoassay (r = 0.98). The proposed method can be used to differentiate persons with hyper- and hypothyroidism from normal subjects and those with abnormal concentrations of thyroxin-binding globulin. The procedure seems suited for screening studies.

Interlaboratory Study of Blood Selenium Determinations

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-667
Author(s):  
Tee-Siaw Koh
Keyword(s):  
Hydride Generation ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Bovine Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Se Deficiency

Abstract Fifty-one laboratories from 14 countries participated in a survey on the determination of selenium (Se) in 8 bovine blood samples with Se concentrations ranging from 0.2 μmol/L (0.016 μg/mL) to 14 μmol/L (1.1 μg/mL). The methods used (and the percentage of participants using each method) were fiuorometry (61), hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (23), graphitefurnace AAS (6), gas chromatography (4), neutron activation analysis (4), and X-ray fiuorometry (2). There was little difference in the mean Se results obtained by fiuorometry or hydride-generation AAS (P > 0.05). Mean intralaboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) from known replicates ranged from 4 to 14% for all samples. Interlaboratory CVs were related to blood Se concentration and increased to 55% at Se levels below 0.4 μmol/L (0.032 μg/mL). Laboratories that used quality control (QC) schemes had lower interlaboratory CVs than those that did not, but the advantage began to diminish at blood Se concentration below 0.4 μmol/L (0.032 μg/mL). The high interlaboratory CVs, coupled with the false assurance from the low intralaboratory CVs and the ineffectiveness of the QC schemes at blood Se concentrations below 0.4 μmol/L (0.032 μg/mL), are of concern in diagnosis of marginal Se deficiency in livestock where the concentrations of interest are in the range 0.15-0.5 μmol/L (0.012-0.039 μg/mL).

X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Clinical Laboratory

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Natelson ◽  
Bertrum Sheid
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wet Ashing

Abstract X-ray spectroscopy was applied to the determination of the total phosphorus content of serum and the iron content of whole blood (hemoglobin). Samples were placed on confined spots on paper, dried, then passed through the X-ray field. Concentration was then determined from the peaks as drawn on a recorder. A device is described that permits automatic assay of successive samples dried on paper without delays between readings. Samples are placed in the field and rapidly withdrawn at 30-sec. intervals, the response of the recorder serving as a measure of concentration. Results for total phosphorus in serum and total iron in whole blood were compared with those obtained by a wet ashing procedure. No significant difference with respect to both mean values and precision was observed except that total iron by the wet ashing procedure was more precise. However, the X-ray technic was adequate for clinical purposes. Hemoglobin levels calculated from whole-blood iron values demonstrated that bilirubin, red cell debris, leukocytes, and lipids interfered in the colorimetric but not in the X-ray procedure. A hemoglobinometer based on the X-ray spectroscopic technic may, therefore, yield results of greater clinical significance.

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