The Seasonal Distribution and Abundance of Hummingbirds in Oak Woodland and Riparian Communities in Southeastern Arizona

Abstract We examined the distribution and abundance of hummingbirds at two study sites in southeastern Arizona, where we banded over 8000 individuals and 11 species in a 6-year period. We trapped approximately once a week from April to October at each site, from 1988–1992 at Sonoita, in oak woodlands, and 1991–1993 at Harshaw Creek, in a riparian area. Anna's (Calypte anna), Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri), and Rufous (Selasphorus rufus) Hummingbirds were the most abundant species. At Harshaw Creek, Broad-billed (Cynanthus latirostris) and Costa's (Calypte costae) Hummingbirds occurred in significant numbers. A massive fall migration occurred at both sites, but few hummingbirds moved northward in spring. The large numbers of migrants were spaced over time within seasons, and the timing of peak migration for a species varied among years. Fall-migrant Black-chinned Hummingbirds peaked earliest with adult males preceding adult females and juveniles, followed by Rufous Hummingbirds (predominantly juveniles), then Anna's Hummingbirds. Of the most abundant species, Rufous Hummingbirds used the sites only during their migration, and the other four species bred at one or both sites. During the first three years of feeder use at Harshaw Creek, Anna's Hummingbirds significantly increased in numbers but other species did not. We also report how the age and sex classes for the common species varied in abundance between sites and among years. Distribución y Abundancia Estacional de Colibríes en Encinales y Comunidades Riparias en el Sureste de Arizona Resumen. Analizamos la distribución y abundancia de colibríes en dos sitios en el sureste de Arizona, donde se anillaron más de 8000 individuos de 11 especies durante un período de seis años. Durante los meses de abril a octubre entre 1988 y 1993, se capturaron colibríes una vez por semana, en un área de encinal abierto en Sonoita y por tres años en un área riparia en Harshaw Creek. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Calypte anna, Archilochus alexandri y Selasphorus rufus; en Harshaw Creek, Cynanthus latirostris y Calypte costae ocurrieron en cantidades significativas. En los dos sitios ocurrió una migración hacia el sur en forma masiva durante el otoño, pero muy pocos colibríes migraron hacia el norte durante la primavera. Los grandes números de migrantes estuvieron espaciados en el tiempo dentro de cada estación, y la fecha pico de migración para cada especie varió año a año. Durante la migración de otoño, el pico de migración más temprano fue el de A. alexandri, cuyos machos adultos migraron antes que las hembras adultas y los juveniles, seguido por el pico migratorio de S. rufus (dominado por juveniles) y después por el de C. anna. Una de las especies más abundantes (S. rufus) usa los sitios solamente durante su migración, mientras que las otras cuatro especies se reproducen en uno o ambos sitios. Durante los tres primeros años en que los colibríes utilizaron bebederos en Harshaw Creek, C. anna aumentó en forma significativa, pero las otras especies no. También reportamos cómo variaron las abundancias de las distintas clases de edad y sexo de un sitio a otro y entre los diferentes años para las especies más comunes.

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Phyllostomidae assemblage (Chiroptera: Mammalia) in altitudinal forests at the Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Southeast of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Iheringia Série Zoologia ◽

10.1590/1678-4766e2016021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo M. Mello ◽

Pedro H. Nobre ◽

Marco A. Manhães ◽

Alexmar S. Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Forest Types ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Ecological Relevance ◽

Forest Region ◽

Study Sites ◽

Artibeus Lituratus

ABSTRACT Many studies have demonstrated the ecological relevance and great biodiversity of bats in Brazil. However, mountainous areas have been disproportionately less sampled, mainly in the Southeast. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the richness and diversity of Phyllostomidae, the most diverse bat family, in different forest types in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, trying to understand the causes of possible differences. The Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca is inserted in the Serra da Mantiqueira's domain, in an Atlantic Forest region known as "Zona da Mata", state of Minas Gerais, with an altitudinal range between 1200-1784 meters. The study was conducted in two forest types, classified as "Nanofloresta Nebular" and "Floresta Nebular", whose respective data on richness and diversity were compared. The bats were captured with 8-10 mist nets for 14 months (April 2011 to May 2012) and four nights per month totaling 62,171.25 m2h of capture effort. A total of 392 captures (12 species) belonging to the Phyllostomidae family were obtained. The most abundant species were Sturnira lilium (59.9%), Platyrrhinus lineatus (11.3%), Artibeus lituratus (8.7%) and Carollia perspicillata (7.6%). The two sampled areas presented differences in bat richness, diversity and species composition, and this difference was predominantly influenced by S. lilium. It is likely that the observed difference in the assembly of bats between the two study sites depends on the variation in floristic composition. The records of A. lituratus and P. lineatus in a few months of the year and close to Ficus mexiae bearing ripe fruits suggests that at least these species move to the park for a few periods of the year in search of food resources, possibly moving through the altitudinal landscapes.

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Materials on the ecology of background species of reptiles in the Tambov Region

Samara Journal of Science ◽

10.17816/snv2021101121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 135-141

Author(s):

Aleksey Vladimirovich Podolsky

Keyword(s):

Deciduous Forest ◽

Common Species ◽

Wide Distribution ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

State Nature Reserve ◽

Sand Lizard ◽

Field Season ◽

Grass Snake ◽

Lacerta Agilis ◽

Study Sites

The paper presents data on the ecology of two common species of reptiles in the Tambov Region: the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis Linnaeus, 1758, and the common grass snake, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758). The material was collected in the Michurinsky, Pervomaysky, Tambovsky and Inzhavinsky (on the territory of the Voroninsky State Nature Reserve) Districts of the Tambov Region during the 2019 field season. Field observations and accounting for the numbers of animals on the routes were carried out in the most typical biotopes for the study sites: in pine forest, deciduous forest, in steppe areas affected to varying degrees by anthropogenic transformation, in floodplains of rivers and along the shores of lakes and artificial reservoirs. Information on the following aspects of the ecology of these reptile species in the region is presented and discussed: habitat distribution and numbers, seasonal and diurnal activity, phenology of reproduction and development and the influence of anthropogenic factors. All materials obtained as a result of our own research are compared with the data of the literature sources cited in the paper. On the basis of wide distribution in the region, relatively high numbers and trends to synanthropy it is stated that the state of the populations of the sand lizard and common grass snake in the region in the present conditions is safe and special measures for their protection are not required.

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Reliability of Singing Bird Surveys: Changes in Observer Efficiency with Avian Density

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/101.2.307 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 101 (2) ◽

pp. 307-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Jonathan Bart ◽

James D. Schoultz

Keyword(s):

Measurement Error ◽

General Procedure ◽

Field Studies ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Common Species ◽

Field Trials ◽

Bird Songs ◽

Auditory Cues ◽

Basic Assumptions ◽

Maximum Estimate

Abstract Field trials in which paired observers were used and indoor simulations in which recorded bird songs were used indicated that, as the number of singing birds audible from a listening station increased from 1 to 4, the fraction of them recorded by observers declined by up to 50%. This reduction in efficiency violates one of the basic assumptions of any index-that the proportion of animals detected remains constant-and could cause surveyors who rely primarily on auditory cues to underestimate changes in population density by up to 25% for common species and 33% for abundant species. The change in efficiency, which is best regarded as measurement error, cannot be detected by a statistical examination of the data and thus may pass undetected in many field studies. It seems unlikely that any general procedure for "correcting" the error would be reliable. The results indicate that singing bird surveys of common species should be supplemented by other methods if accurate estimates of changes in density are needed. A general conclusion of the study is that whenever animals "compete" for a place in the survey, for example by filling up traps or suppressing one another's songs, then the index tends to underestimate a change in density. If efficiency increases with density, then the survey tends to overestimate a change in density. If the sign of the bias can be determined, the survey can be used to provide a minimum or maximum estimate of a change in density even if the magnitude of the bias cannot be estimated.

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Spatial patterns in estuarine fish faunas in tropical Queensland: a reflection of interaction between long-term physical and biological processes?

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf97019 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 31 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Marcus Sheaves

Keyword(s):

Fish Assemblages ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Common Species ◽

Estuarine Fish ◽

Maximum Deviation ◽

Seawater Salinity ◽

Spatial Differences ◽

Upstream Direction ◽

Catch Rates

Spatial differences in the distribution and abundance of fish faunas of structurally complex habitats in subtidal areas of three tropical estuaries were investigated by using modified Antillean-Z fish traps. The overall species compositions of the three estuaries were similar; however, the distribution and abundance of species differed substantially both within and among estuaries. Although the abundance of most species declined in an upstream direction, the fish assemblages of upstream areas of different estuaries were similar. In contrast, assemblages in seaward regions were quite distinct. Neither temperature nor turbidity were correlated with catch rates of the most abundant species. Although catch rates of some species were significantly correlated with deviation away from normal seawater salinity, in most cases the correlation with maximum deviation in salinity was much stronger. Thus, decreased catches and the absence of some common species from upstream areas may be related to the influence of long-term (months and years) patterns of salinity. Some species were abundant only in one region of a single creek. This may reflect the close proximity of nearby habitats from which recruits may come.

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Sightability as a Factor in Aerial Survey of Bird Species and Communities

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr9850057 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 57 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

LS Broome

Keyword(s):

New England ◽

Water Body ◽

Bird Species ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Common Species ◽

Aerial Survey ◽

Flying Height ◽

South Wales ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Bodies Of Water

Experimental aerial and ground censuses of waterbirds were conducted on three small, isolated bodies of water on the New England tablelands of New South Wales. The flying height at which sightability was optimized for the most common species was 30 m. Aerial and ground counts were significantly correlated for most species on the three watar bodies. Black swan, swamphen, coots, musk ducks and maned ducks were counted in equivalent or greater numbers from the air than from the ground on at least one water body. Other species were counted in lower numbers from the air than from the ground. A fairly high precision in the aerial-ground relationship for the most abundant species indicates that aerial survey can be a useful procedure for obtaining indices or estimates of the population sizes of these species. However, differences in sightability between species and between types of water body indicate that indices should be used and interpreted with caution. Other bird species from a variety of habitat types which are also amenable to aerial survey are discussed, and some recommendations for aerial surveys of birds are provided.

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Patterns of male–male association in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica: effects of dominance rank and age

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/1568539x-00003134 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 151 (7) ◽

pp. 993-1020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lisa C. Corewyn ◽

Mary A. Kelaita

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Dominance Rank ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Alouatta Palliata ◽

Adult Males ◽

Cooperative Relationships ◽

Mantled Howler ◽

Mantled Howlers ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Study Sites

Cooperative relationships among male primates are emerging as an important aspect of primate social behavior. What remains unclear is the extent to which male associations with coresident males vary within species, and what social and demographic factors drive these associations. This information provides an important contribution to our understanding of how cooperative relationships play an adaptive role in the evolution of male social and reproductive strategies. To examine the nature of male associations and the influence of social and demographic factors, including rank and age, we collected 1751 h of focal behavioral data on adult males in two large multimale–multifemale groups of mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica. Both groups inhabited upland forest area, were of similar size and sex ratio, and exhibited strongly linear male hierarchies. Based on observed spatial associations within 3 m proximity, dyadic patterns varied from strongly preferred to strongly avoided associations that were largely consistent among dyads over the study period. In contrast to reports from other mantled howler study sites, neither rank nor age differences among males predicted whether dyads spent any time in proximity to one another, nor the amount of time in proximity. However, higher-ranked males within dyads were more likely to maintain close proximity than their lower-ranked counterparts. Our results provide important data on the nature of male associations within mantled howler groups with linear dominance relationships, and are suggestive of the adaptive value of cooperative relationships.

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Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the peat bogs of Belarusian Lakeland

Biologia ◽

10.1515/biolog-2016-0085 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Gennadi G. Sushko

Keyword(s):

Abundant Species ◽

Common Species ◽

Peat Bogs ◽

True Bugs ◽

Sweep Net

AbstractThe first overview on the Heteroptera of peat bogs of the Belarusian Lakeland is presented. Five natural oligotrophic peat bogs were studied in 2012–2014 by entomological sweep-net. A total of almost 2,612 true bugs were sampled, representing 83 species of 13 families. Ten species (12.11–36.72% of the individuals) were tyrphobiontic or tyrphophilous. The five most abundant species represented 71.39–82.30% of the individuals. The most common species were

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Brevibucca frugicola n. sp., a saprophagous nematode found in a rotting peach fruit.

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00034829 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 20 (1-2) ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Goodey

Keyword(s):

Fruit Flies ◽

Adult Males ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Peach Fruit ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Structural Details ◽

Males And Females

Early in 1938 the writer received a tube of nematodes from Mr. Colin Smee, Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Zomba, Nyasaland, collected from a rotting peach fruit in which he had been trying to hatch fruit-flies. According to Mr. Smee's letter the worms had formed masses in the fruit and had also appeared on the surface as waving threads or tendrils composed of numerous eelworms massed together. The material had been fixed in glycerine alcohol and consisted of numerous adult males and females as well as large numbers of larval forms. Fixation was not good as although the gross morphology and anatomy was fairly easily discernible, some of the finer structural details were not as clear as one could have wished.

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Distribution and relative abundance of the economically important click beetles (Elateridae: Agriotes sp.) in Hungary

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/39/2738 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Antal Nagy ◽

István Dávid ◽

István Szarukán

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Common Species ◽

Pheromone Traps ◽

Additional Species ◽

Click Beetles ◽

Click Beetle ◽

Significant Damage

Click beetle (Elateridae: Agriotes sp.) species of 24 sites in different regions of Hungary were studied in 2010. A. brevis, A. sputator, A. obscurus, A. lineatus, A. rufipalpis and A. ustulatus were sampled by pheromone traps in maize fields. During the study more than 80000 beetles were caught. The three most common species were A. ustulatus, A. sputator and A. rufipalpis. The distribution of the studied species was uneven. In south Hungary A. ustulatus, A, rufipalpis and A. sputator were the three most abundant species. In the Transdanubia A. sputator was the most abundant. A. ustulatus reached higher abundance in only three sites (3/12). A. obscurus occurred only in west Hungary (Transdanubia). In eastern Hungary the abundance of studied species was higher. In this reason we have to monitor the populations of these pests and if it is necessary we have to take actions against them. In Transdanubia the abundance were generally lower but in many cases reached the threshold of significant damage. Beyond that 13 additional species were sampled so the total number of sampled species was 19.

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Ecological Distribution of Protosteloid Amoebae in New Zealand

10.7287/peerj.preprints.136v1 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Geoffrey Zahn ◽

Stephen L. Stevenson ◽

Frederick W. Spiegel

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

New Zealand ◽

General Pattern ◽

Common Species ◽

Ecological Distribution ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Wide Range ◽

The World ◽

Different Types ◽

Study Sites

During the period of March 2004 to December 2007, samples of aerial litter (dead but still attached plant parts) and ground litter were collected from study sites representing a wide range of latitudes (34° S to 50° S) and a variety of different types of habitats throughout New Zealand (including Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands). The objective was to survey the assemblages of protosteloid amoebae present in this region of the world. Twenty-nine described species of protosteloid amoebae were recorded, along with the heterolobesean acrasid, Acrasis rosea. Of the species recovered, Protostelium mycophaga was by far the most abundant and was found in more than half of all samples. Most species were found in fewer than 10% of the samples collected. Seven abundant or common species were found to display significant preferences for aerial litter or ground litter microhabitats. There was some evidence of a general pattern of a decrease in species richness and diversity with increasing latitude and precipitation and elevation.

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