scholarly journals Simulated maternal stress reduces offspring aerobic swimming performance in Pacific salmon

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda I Banet ◽  
Stephen J Healy ◽  
Erika J Eliason ◽  
Edward A Roualdes ◽  
David A Patterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Pacific salmon routinely encounter stressors during their upriver spawning migration, which have the potential to influence offspring through hormonally-mediated maternal effects. To disentangle genetic vs. hormonal effects on offspring swimming performance, we collected gametes from three species of Pacific salmon (Chinook, pink and sockeye) at the end of migration and exposed a subset of eggs from each female to cortisol baths to simulate high levels of maternal stress. Fertilised eggs were reared to fry and put through a series of aerobic swim trials. Results show that exposure to cortisol early in development reduces maximum oxygen consumption while swimming, and decreases aerobic scope in all three species. Resting oxygen consumption did not differ between cortisol and control treatment groups. We also examined several metrics that could influence aerobic performance, and found no differences between treatment groups in haematocrit%, haemoglobin concentration, heart mass, citrate synthase activity or lactate dehydrogenase activity. Though it was not the focus of this study, an interesting discovery was that pink salmon had a higher MO2max and aerobic scope relative to the other species, which was supported by a greater haematocrit, haemoglobin, a larger heart and higher CS activity. Some management and conservation practices for Pacific salmon focus efforts primarily on facilitating adult spawning. However, if deleterious effects of maternal stress acquired prior to spawning persist into the next generation, consideration will need to be given to sub-lethal effects that could be imparted onto offspring from maternal stress.

scholarly journals The mechanistic basis of aerobic performance variation in red junglefowl

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (13) ◽  
pp. 2053-2064 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Hammond ◽  
M.A. Chappell ◽  
R.A. Cardullo ◽  
R. Lin ◽  
T.S. Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Red Junglefowl ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

We examined aerobic performance, organ and muscle mass and enzymatic activity in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). We tested three models of performance limitation (central limits, peripheral limits, symmorphosis) and explored relationships between basal metabolic rate (BMR), aerobic capacity (V (O2max)) and social rank. Males had a lower BMR, a higher V (O2max) and a greater aerobic scope than females. Females possessed larger peritoneal and reproductive organs, while males had larger hearts, lungs and leg muscles. In females, BMR was correlated with spleen mass and V (O2max) was correlated with hematocrit and large intestine mass. Male BMR was correlated with intestinal tract and lung mass, and V (O2max) was correlated with heart and pectoralis mass. Male citrate synthase activity averaged 57 % higher than that of females and was correlated with V (O2max) (this correlation was not significant in females). Female social status was not correlated with any variable, but male dominance was associated with higher aerobic scope, larger heart and lungs, smaller peritoneal organs and greater leg citrate synthase activity. We conclude that aerobic capacity is controlled by system-wide limitations (symmorphosis) in males, while in females it is controlled by central organs. In neither sex is elevated aerobic capacity associated with increased maintenance costs.

Factorial scopes of cardio-metabolic variables remain constant with changes in body temperature in the varanid lizard, Varanus rosenbergi

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (4) ◽  
pp. R992-R997 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Clark ◽  
T. Wang ◽  
P. J. Butler ◽  
P. B. Frappell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Thermal Dependence ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Performance

The majority of information concerning the cardio-metabolic performance of varanids during exercise is limited to a few species at their preferred body temperature (Tb) even though, being ectotherms, varanids naturally experience rather large changes in Tb. Although it is well established that absolute aerobic scope declines with decreasing Tb, it is not known whether changes in cardiac output (V̇b) and/or tissue oxygen extraction, (CaO2 − Cv�[Formula: see text]), are in proportion to the rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2). To test this, we studied six Rosenberg's goannas ( Varanus rosenbergi) while at rest and while maximally exercising on a treadmill both at 25 and 36°C. During maximum exercise both at 25 and 36°C, mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2kg) increased with an absolute scope of 8.5 ml min−1 kg−1 and 15.7 ml min−1 kg−1, respectively. Interestingly, the factorial aerobic scope was temperature-independent and remained at 7.0 which, at each Tb, was primarily the result of an increase in V̇bkg, governed by approximate twofold increases both in heart rate ( fH) and cardiac stroke volume (VSkg). Both at 25°C and 36°C, the increase in V̇bkg alone was not sufficient to provide all of the additional oxygen required to attain maximal V̇o2kg, as indicated by a decrease in the blood convection requirement V̇bkg/V̇o2kg; hence, there was a compensatory twofold increase in (CaO2 − [Formula: see text]). Although associated with an increase in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, a decrease in Tb did not impair unloading of oxygen at the tissues and act to reduce (CaO2 − Cv�[Formula: see text]); both CaO2 and Cv�[Formula: see text] were maintained across Tb. The change in V̇o2kg with Tb, therefore, is solely reliant on the thermal dependence of V̇bkg. Maintaining a high factorial aerobic scope across a range of Tb confers an advantage in that cooler animals can achieve higher absolute aerobic scopes and presumably improved aerobic performance than would otherwise be achievable.

scholarly journals Sex-specific differences in swimming, aerobic metabolism and recovery from exercise in adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) across ecologically relevant temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Kraskura ◽  
E A Hardison ◽  
A G Little ◽  
T Dressler ◽  
T S Prystay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Cost Of Transport

Abstract Adult female Pacific salmon can have higher migration mortality rates than males, particularly at warm temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain a mystery. Given the importance of swimming energetics on fitness, we measured critical swim speed, swimming metabolism, cost of transport, aerobic scope (absolute and factorial) and exercise recovery in adult female and male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held for 2 days at 3 environmentally relevant temperatures (9°C, 14°C, 18°C) in fresh water. Critical swimming performance (Ucrit) was equivalent between sexes and maximal at 14°C. Absolute aerobic scope was sex- and temperature-independent, whereas factorial aerobic scope decreased with increasing temperature in both sexes. The full cost of recovery from exhaustive exercise (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) was higher in males compared to females. Immediately following exhaustive exercise (i.e. 1 h), recovery was impaired at 18°C for both sexes. At an intermediate time scale (i.e. 5 h), recovery in males was compromised at 14°C and 18°C compared to females. Overall, swimming, aerobic metabolism, and recovery energetics do not appear to explain the phenomenon of increased mortality rates in female coho salmon. However, our results suggest that warming temperatures compromise recovery following exhaustive exercise in both male and female salmon, which may delay migration progression and could contribute to en route mortality.

scholarly journals Could resistance to lactate accumulation contribute to the better swimming performance of Brycon amazonicus when compared to Colossoma macropomum?

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio S. Ferreira ◽  
Paulo H.R. Aride ◽  
Adalberto L. Val
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Lactate Levels

Background In the wild, matrinchã (Brycon amazonicus) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) rely strongly on their swimming capacity to perform feeding, migration and reproductive activities. Sustained swimming speed in fishes is performed almost exclusively by aerobic red muscles. The white muscle has high contraction power, but fatigue quickly, being used mainly in sprints and bursts, with a maximum duration of few seconds. The Ucrit test, an incremental velocity procedure, is mainly a measure of the aerobic capacity of a fish, but with a high participation of anaerobic metabolism close to the velocity of fatigue. Our previous study has indicated a high swimming performance of matrinchã (Ucrit) after hypoxia exposure, despite increased levels of lactate in plasma. In contrast, tambaqui with high lactate levels in plasma presented very low swimming performance. Therefore, we aimed to study the resistance of matrinchã and tambaqui to the increased lactate levels in muscle over an incremental velocity test (Ucrit). As a secondary aim, we analyzed the differences in anaerobic metabolism in response to environmental hypoxia, which could also support the better swimming performance of matrinchã, compared to tambaqui. Methods We measured, over incremented velocities in both species, the metabolic rate (the oxygen consumption by the fish; MO2), and the concentrations of lactate and nitrites and nitrates (NOx) in muscles. NOx was measured as an indicator of nitric oxide and its possible role in improving cardiorespiratory capacity in these fishes, which could postpone the use of anaerobic metabolism and lactate production during the swimming test. Also, we submitted fishes until fatigue and hypoxia (0.5 mg L−1) and measured, in addition to the previous parameters, lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH; the enzyme responsible for lactate production), since that swimming performance could also be explained by the anaerobic capacity of producing ATP. Results Matrinchã exhibited a better swimming performance and higher oxygen consumption rates. Lactate levels were higher in matrinchã only at the moment of fatigue. Under hypoxia, LDH activity increased in the white muscle only in tambaqui, but averages were always higher in matrinchã. Discussion and conclusions The results suggest that matrinchã is more resistant than tambaqui regarding lactate accumulation in muscle at the Ucrit test, but it is not clear how much it contributes to postpone fatigue. The higher metabolic rate possibly allows the accumulated lactate to be used as aerobic fuel by the matrinchã, improving swimming performance. More studies are needed regarding matrinchã’s ability to oxidize lactate, the effects of exercise on muscle acidification, and the hydrodynamics of these species, to clarify why matrinchã is a better swimmer than tambaqui.

scholarly journals Reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity in the heart and suppressed sex hormone levels are associated with female-biased mortality during thermal stress in Pacific salmon

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb214841
Author(s):  
A. G. Little ◽  
E. Hardison ◽  
K. Kraskura ◽  
T. Dressler ◽  
T. S. Prystay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Gonad Size

ABSTRACTFemale-biased mortality has been repeatedly reported in Pacific salmon during their upriver migration in both field studies and laboratory holding experiments, especially in the presence of multiple environmental stressors, including thermal stress. Here, we used coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to test whether females exposed to elevated water temperatures (18°C) (i) suppress circulating sex hormones (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol), owing to elevated cortisol levels, (ii) have higher activities of enzymes supporting anaerobic metabolism (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), (iii) have lower activities of enzymes driving oxidative metabolism (e.g. citrate synthase, CS) in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and (iv) have more oxidative stress damage and reduced capacity for antioxidant defense [lower catalase (CAT) activity]. We found no evidence that a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress contributes to female-biased mortality at warm temperatures. We did, however, find that females had significantly lower cardiac LDH and that 18°C significantly reduced plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol, especially in females. We also found that relative gonad size was significantly lower in the 18°C treatment regardless of sex, whereas relative liver size was significantly lower in females held at 18°C. Further, relative spleen size was significantly elevated in the 18°C treatments across both sexes, with larger warm-induced increases in females. Our results suggest that males may better tolerate bouts of cardiac hypoxia at high temperature, and that thermal stress may also disrupt testosterone- and estradiol-mediated protein catabolism, and the immune response (larger spleens), in migratory female salmon.

Changes in the Haematology of Antechinus Stuartii (Marsupialia), and Their Association With Male Mortality.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Cheal ◽  
AK Lee ◽  
JL Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Severe Stress ◽  
Aerobic Scope ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii

Seasonal changes in the blood parameters of A. stuartii show that most males and a few females are anaemic immediately preceding the post-mating mortality of males. Gastrointestinal haemorrhage and intravascular haemolysis, possibly resulting from infections of Babesia sp., appear probable causes of the anaemias. The marked lymphopenias and neutrophilias observed in males, but not females, are consistent with other evidence of a severe stress response in males at this time. The reduction in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit detected in most anaemic animals was correlated with an increase in the resting oxygen consumption and a reduction in aerobic scope. These changes coincide with a time of considerable energy expenditure by males and may contribute to their demise.

Towards a Better Definition of "Metamorphosis" in Coregonus sp.: Biochemical, Histological, and Physiological Data

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1224-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Forstner ◽  
S. Hinterleitner ◽  
K. Mähr ◽  
W. Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Definition Of

In Coregonus sp. the period between hatching and metamorphosis is characterized by an enhanced involvement of glycolysis in energy metabolism (as reflected by oxygen consumption and enzyme activities) and by the differentiation of the red and pink muscle fibers on which the increasing versatility of swimming performance of the larvae appears to depend. The larval weight of Coregonus sp. increased during the first 150 d of development at 10 °C from 6 to 2000 mg, but the average rate of oxygen consumption decreased only from 639 to 419 μg∙g−1∙h−1. Four types of muscle fibers were distinguished, each with a distinct developmental pattern: red and pink fibers first become observable 25–34 d after hatching, the latter growing more slowly than the former; before this, only white muscles and a characteristic layer of small diameter red fibers are present in Coregonus sp. The activities of the two oxidative enzymes, citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase, and the activity of hexokinase, increased directly after hatching, reaching a peak within 20–47 d. On the other hand, the three glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase, remained at a constantly low level from hatching to day 40, whereafter their rates of activity began to increase rapidly.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Simulated maternal stress reduces offspring aerobic swimming performance in Pacific salmon

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda I Banet ◽  
Stephen J Healy ◽  
Erika J Eliason ◽  
Edward A Roualdes ◽  
David A Patterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Swimming Performance
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