The Effects of Co-Viewers on the Viewing Experience

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Tal-Or
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Media Effects ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Viewing Experience

Abstract Although media consumption often occurs with others, relatively few studies have documented the effect of co-viewing on the viewing experience. Moreover, theories of media effects generally focus on the individual and do not pay attention to group processes. Thus, previous co-viewing research has used various theories related to different aspects specific to each study, making it difficult to comprehend the connections between the studies. The aim of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model of the effects of co-viewing on the experience of watching a narrative text. Based on existing psychological theories that are applied to co-viewing contexts, the model includes the various processes underlying the effects of co-viewing, along with suggested moderators of these processes. While there is empirical evidence supporting some of the effects the model suggests, others have not yet been investigated. Thus, the model presents new directions for future research.

scholarly journals Corporate Board Committees and Corporate Outcomes: An International Systematic Literature Review and Agenda for Future Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Alhossini ◽  
Collins G. Ntim ◽  
Alaa Mansour Zalata
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Applied Theory ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

This paper comprehensively reviews the current body of international accounting literature regarding advisory/monitoring committees and corporate outcomes. Specifically, it synthesizes, appraises, and extends current knowledge on the (a) theoretical (i.e., economic, accounting/corporate governance, sociological and socio-psychological) perspectives and (b) empirical evidence of the observable and less visible attributes at both the individual and committee levels and their link with a wide range (financial/non-financial) of corporate outcomes. Using the systematic literature review method, 304 articles from 59 journals in the fields of accounting and finance that were published between January 1992 and December 2018 are reviewed. The main findings are as follows. First and theoretically, agency theory is the most dominant applied theory/studies with no application of theory at all (descriptive), while the application of integrated theoretical frameworks is lacking in the reviewed articles. Secondly, the existing empirical evidence focusses excessively on (a) monitoring instead of advisory committees and (b) observable rather than less visible committee attributes. Thirdly, scarcity of cross-country studies along with methodological limitations relating to measurement inconsistencies, insufficiency of variables, and dominance of quantitative studies, among others, are identified. Finally, promising future research avenues are outlined.

What Makes Things Funny? An Integrative Review of the Antecedents of Laughter and Amusement

2020 ◽  
pp. 108886832096190
Author(s):  
Caleb Warren ◽  
Adam Barsky ◽  
A. Peter McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Humor Appreciation

Despite the broad importance of humor, psychologists do not agree on the basic elements that cause people to experience laughter, amusement, and the perception that something is funny. There are more than 20 distinct psychological theories that propose appraisals that characterize humor appreciation. Most of these theories leverage a subset of five potential antecedents of humor appreciation: surprise, simultaneity, superiority, a violation appraisal, and conditions that facilitate a benign appraisal. We evaluate each antecedent against the existing empirical evidence and find that simultaneity, violation, and benign appraisals all help distinguish humorous from nonhumorous experiences, but surprise and superiority do not. Our review helps organize a disconnected literature, dispel popular but inaccurate ideas, offers a framework for future research, and helps answer three long-standing questions about humor: what conditions predict laughter and amusement, what are the adaptive benefits of humor, and why do different people think vastly different things are humorous?

Economic Shifts and Cultural Changes in Individualism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Ogihara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
National Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the relationship between economic affluence and individualism from a cross-temporal perspective. Previous research has indicated that wealth and individualism are positively correlated at both the individual and the national level. This chapter discusses whether this relationship is also found at the temporal level. This chapter consists of three parts. First, a theory about the association between economic affluence and individualism is summarized. Second, the chapter introduces empirical evidence on temporal changes in individualism and their relationship with economic development in three cultures (United States, Japan, China). These studies indicated that the three cultures have shifted toward greater individualism over time. Moreover, these changes in individualism were positively linked to increases in economic affluence at the annual level. Third, the chapter is summarized and directions for future research are raised. Overall, this chapter discusses how socioecological factors and human psychologies/behaviors are associated particularly from a cross-temporal perspective.

Web Log Analysis

2011 ◽  
pp. 506-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isak Taksa ◽  
Amanda Spink ◽  
Bernard J. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Web Applications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Log Analysis ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Web Log ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Character ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Web log analysis is an innovative and unique field constantly formed and changed by the convergence of various emerging Web technologies. Due to its interdisciplinary character, the diversity of issues it addresses, and the variety and number of Web applications, it is the subject of many distinctive and diverse research methodologies. This chapter examines research methodologies used by contributing authors in preparing the individual chapters for this handbook, summarizes research results, and proposes new directions for future research in this area.

scholarly journals Group Positive Affect and Beyond: An Integrative Review and Future Research Agenda

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7499
Author(s):  
Jonathan Peñalver ◽  
Marisa Salanova ◽  
Isabel M. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Similarity Group ◽  
Working Together ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Group positive affect is defined as homogeneous positive affect among group members that emerges when working together. Considering that previous research has shown a significant relationship between group positive affect and a wide variety of group outcomes (e.g., behaviors, wellbeing, and performance), it is crucial to boost our knowledge about this construct in the work context. The main purpose is to review empirical research, to synthesize the findings and to provide research agenda about group positive affect, in order to better understand this construct. Through the PsycNET and Proquest Central databases, an integrative review was conducted to identify articles about group positive affect published between January 1990 and March 2019. A total of 44 articles were included and analyzed. Finding suggests that scholars have been more interested in understanding the outcomes of group positive affect and how to improve the productivity of groups than in knowing what the antecedents are. A summary conclusion is that group positive affect is related to leadership, job demands, job resources, diversity/similarity, group processes, and contextual factors, all of which influence the development of several outcomes and different types of wellbeing at the individual and group levels. However, with specific combinations of other conditions (e.g., group trust, negative affect, and interaction), high levels of group positive affect could cause harmful results. Conclusions shed light on group positive affect research and practice and might help Human Resources professionals to initiate empirically-based strategies related to recruitment, group design and leadership training.

The absorptive capacity process: an exposition and update

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Susilo Lukito-Budi ◽  
Nurul Indarti ◽  
Kusdhianto Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Wald Tests ◽  
The Individual

PurposeThis study investigates the development of absorptive capacity. Using an integrated cognitive learning perspective, this study provides empirical evidence about the conceptual absorptive capacity model through examining the full process step by step. Two groups of moderating variables were studied—namely, social integration and appropriability—to examine their impact on the process.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a longitudinal study from a community service program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata) at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, by using surveys at the beginning and the end of the project. Of 492 teams from 2,444 students participated in the study. Each individual within a team had at least one project assigned to him/her during the project. The absorptive capacity process was examined through six consecutive models and analysed using hierarchical linear modelling. The moderating variables were tested using the Moderated Regression Analysis and Wald tests.FindingsThe study confirms the full cycle of absorptive capacity as an independent, dynamic and complex process; it involves acquiring, assimilating, transforming and exploiting sequencing variables from the individual level to the team level and vice versa using feed-forward and feedback mechanisms adopted from the 4I framework of organisational learning. However, the roles of the moderating variables are still inconclusive due to some possible factors, which were also reflected by the U-phenomenon.Originality/valueThis study provides vital support to the learning theory as well as to the organisation learning concept. This study also reveals empirical evidence about the unsupported moderating variables behave during a project cycle, such as what they function, how they evolve and what we should do about the moderating factors during a project. The findings of this study provide practical suggestions and highlight areas for future research.

Can Women Cope?

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Banyard ◽  
Sandra A. Graham-Bermann
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Coping Process ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Coping Theory ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual

In this article, various feminist theories are used to critique selected psychological theories of coping with stress, a reformulated coping theory is outlined, and recommendations for future research are made. To date, theories of coping often portray women as less able copers than the samples of men with whom they are compared. A reformulated theory, based on different women's experiences, explicitly examines the role of social forces (sexism, racism) and access to power as variables in the coping process rather than solely focusing on the individual. Selected examples of research that contribute to such a revision are given. Revised theories and methodologies will encourage the more accurate appraisal of women's coping abilities and generate information vital to the creation of more inclusive and representative theories of coping.

scholarly journals International NGO Centralization and Leader-Perceived Effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-159
Author(s):  
Long Tran
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Structural Characteristic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
International Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Effectiveness Measurement ◽  
Governance Reforms

Although international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) rely on their governance structures to pursue crucial missions across national borders, the extant literature is lacking theoretical insights and empirical evidence that explain the influence of such structures on INGO effectiveness. Using organizational and psychological theories, socially constructed effectiveness measurement, and data on 152 U.S.-based INGOs, this study explores how centralization, a fundamental structural characteristic, relates to an INGO’s effectiveness as perceived by its own leader versus by leaders of other INGOs. Quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that centralized, unitary INGOs tend to have stronger internally perceived effectiveness but weaker externally perceived effectiveness reputations than decentralized INGOs do. This perceptual tension may inform INGO governance reforms and future research on organizational structure, effectiveness, and leadership.

The embodiment of social capital at individual and communal levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 812-830
Author(s):  
Anson Au
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dynamics Of Action

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the study of social capital focused on the level at which it is embodied, cross-comparing two prominent camps that have emerged in the social capital literature: a communal level and an individual level. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the intersections and departures between communal level and individual level conceptualizations of social capital according to the social dynamics of action within social exchanges that they stimulate, the processes by which social capital is activated/mobilized and the rewards they yield, and their linkages to inequality through network diversity. Findings This paper articulates new directions for future research in social capital: more analytical precision for studying returns to social capital; more efforts to transcend the individual-communal divide; the depreciation of social capital or tie decay; and recognizing the importance of ties whose value does not come from the ability to provide instrumental gain, but just from their very existence. Originality/value Social capital has informed many influential agendas in the social sciences, but the sheer volume of which has largely gone unscoped. This paper reviews this literature to provide an accessible introduction to social capital, organized by social processes foundational to sociology and a novel contribution to the literature by articulating new directions for future research in the area.

Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German Language ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Collective Orientation ◽  
Team Research ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document