scholarly journals Small animal models of heart failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 115 (13) ◽  
pp. 1838-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Riehle ◽  
Johann Bauersachs
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Heart disease is a major cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence, which urges the development of new therapeutic strategies. Over the last few decades, numerous small animal models have been generated to mimic various pathomechanisms contributing to heart failure (HF). Despite some limitations, these animal models have greatly advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of the different aetiologies of HF and paved the way to understanding the underlying mechanisms and development of successful treatments. These models utilize surgical techniques, genetic modifications, and pharmacological approaches. The present review discusses the strengths and limitations of commonly used small animal HF models, which continue to provide crucial insight and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies for patients with HF.

scholarly journals Small Animal Models of Heart Failure

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Patten ◽  
Monica R. Hall-Porter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Small Animal Models

scholarly journals MXtrodes: MXene-infused bioelectronic interfaces for multiscale electrophysiology and stimulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette Driscoll ◽  
Brian Erickson ◽  
Brendan B. Murphy ◽  
Andrew G. Richardson ◽  
Gregory Robbins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Solution Processing ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Paradigm Shifting

Soft bioelectronic interfaces for mapping and modulating excitable networks at high resolution and at large scale can enable paradigm-shifting diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment strategies. Yet, current technologies largely rely on materials and fabrication schemes that are expensive, do not scale, and critically limit the maximum attainable resolution and coverage. Solution processing is a cost-effective manufacturing alternative, but biocompatible conductive inks matching the performance of conventional metals are lacking. Here, we introduce MXtrodes, a novel class of soft, high-resolution, large-scale bioelectronic interfaces enabled by Ti3C2 MXene and scalable solution processing. We show that the electrochemical properties of MXtrodes exceed those of conventional materials, and do not require conductive gels when used in epidermal electronics. Furthermore, we validate MXtrodes in a number of applications ranging from mapping large scale neuromuscular networks in humans to delivering cortical microstimulation in small animal models. Finally, we demonstrate that MXtrodes are compatible with standard clinical neuroimaging modalities.

scholarly journals Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyuan Han ◽  
Charu Rajput ◽  
Tomoko Ishikawa ◽  
Caitlin Jarman ◽  
Julie Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.

Humoral Immunity in Heart Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Sarkar ◽  
Khadija Rafiq
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Cardiac Inflammation ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune System ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Immunity Function

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve disorders of heart and blood vessels, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, which finally lead to Heart Failure (HF). There are several treatments available all over the world, but still, CVD and heart failure became the number one problem causing death every year worldwide. Both experimental and clinical studies have shown a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of heart failure. This seems related to an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Cardiac inflammation is a major pathophysiological mechanism operating in the failing heart, regardless of HF aetiology. Disturbances of the cellular and humoral immune system are frequently observed in heart failure. This review describes how B-cells play a specific role in the heart failure states. There is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets and develop advanced therapeutic strategies to combat the syndrome of HF. Understanding and describing the elements of the humoral immunity function are essential and may suggest potential new treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Emerging Natural-Product-Based Treatments for the Management of Osteoarthritis

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Maria-Luisa Pérez-Lozano ◽  
Annabelle Cesaro ◽  
Marija Mazor ◽  
Eric Esteve ◽  
Sabine Berteina-Raboin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Osteoarthritic Joint ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Review Current

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability. Yet, the development of new treatment strategies to restore the equilibrium of the osteoarthritic joint remains a challenge. Numerous studies have revealed that dietary components and/or natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-bone-resorption, and anabolic potential and have received much attention toward the development of new therapeutic strategies for OA treatment. In the present review, we provide an overview of current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management by drawing attention to experimental, pre-clinical, and clinical models. Herein, we review current and emerging natural-product-based research treatments for OA management.

Abstract 228: Alterations of Cardiac Morphology and Function Caused by Cardio-Thoracic Surgery in Small Animal Models of Heart Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nordbeck ◽  
Leoni Bönhof ◽  
Karl-Heinz Hiller ◽  
Sabine Voll ◽  
Paula Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Cardiac Morphology ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
And Function

Background: Surgical procedures in small animal models of heart disease, such as artificial ligation of the coronary arteries for experimental myocardial infarction, can evoke alterations in cardiac morphology and function. Such alterations might induce artificial early or long term effects in vivo that might account for a significant bias in basic cardiovascular research, and, therefore, could potentially question the meaning of respective studies in small animal models of heart disease. Methods: Female Wistar rats were matched for weight and distributed to sham left coronary artery ligation or untreated control. Cardiac parameters were then investigated in vivo by high-field MRI over time after the surgical procedure, determining left and right ventricular morphology and function. Additionally, the time course of several metabolic and inflammatory blood parameters was determined. Results: Rats after sham surgery showed a lower body weight for up to 8 weeks after the intervention compared to healthy controls. Left and right ventricular morphology and function were not different in absolute measures in both groups 1 week after surgery. However, there was a confined difference in several cardiac parameters normalized to the body weight (bw), such as myocardial mass (2.19±0.30/0.83±0.13 vs. 1.85±0.22/0.70±0.07 mg left/right per g bw, p<0.05), or enddiastolic ventricular volume (1.31±0.36/1.21±0.31 vs. 1.14±0.20/1.07±0.17 µl left/right per g bw, p<0.05). Vice versa, after 8 weeks, cardiac masses, volumes, and output showed a trend for lower values in the sham operated rats compared to the controls in absolute measures (782.2±57.2/260.2±33.2 vs. 805.9±84.8/310.4±48.5 mg, p<0.05 for left/right ventricular mass), but not normalized to body weight. Matching these findings, blood testing revealed prolonged metabolic and inflammatory changes after surgery not related to cardiac disease. Conclusion: There is a small distinct impact of cardio-thoracic surgical procedures on the global integrity of the organism, which in the long term also includes circumscribed repercussions on cardiac morphology and function. This impact has to be considered when analyzing data from respective studies and transferring the findings to conditions in patients.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular Development and Disease: Learning From in vitro and in vivo Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Fralish ◽  
Ethan M. Lotz ◽  
Taylor Chavez ◽  
Alastair Khodabukus ◽  
Nenad Bursac
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Small Animal Models

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized cholinergic synaptic interface between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber that translates presynaptic electrical impulses into motor function. NMJ formation and maintenance require tightly regulated signaling and cellular communication among motor neurons, myogenic cells, and Schwann cells. Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) can result in loss of NMJ function and motor input leading to paralysis or even death. Although small animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the NMJ structure and function, the complexities of studying this multi-tissue system in vivo and poor clinical outcomes of candidate therapies developed in small animal models has driven the need for in vitro models of functional human NMJ to complement animal studies. In this review, we discuss prevailing models of NMDs and highlight the current progress and ongoing challenges in developing human iPSC-derived (hiPSC) 3D cell culture models of functional NMJs. We first review in vivo development of motor neurons, skeletal muscle, Schwann cells, and the NMJ alongside current methods for directing the differentiation of relevant cell types from hiPSCs. We further compare the efficacy of modeling NMDs in animals and human cell culture systems in the context of five NMDs: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, and Pompe disease. Finally, we discuss further work necessary for hiPSC-derived NMJ models to function as effective personalized NMD platforms.

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