Host-Plant Specific Feeding Relationships and Insect Developmental Stage Modulate the Impact of Rainfall on Diamondback Moth Larvae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Myron P Zalucki ◽  
Michael J Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Abstract The impact of simulated rainfall on diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), larvae depends on their stage-specific feeding behavior, physical characteristics, and host plants. Neonates released at typical oviposition sites on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis L. [Brassicales: Brassicaceae]) plants moved less (3–72 cm) and spend shorter periods (>1 h) than it has been previously reported for common cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. [Brassicales: Brassicaceae]) (>80 cm and >3 h, respectively) before establishing feeding sites. On both host plants, larvae spent longer on the abaxial surfaces of leaves and were more likely to establish mines there than on the adaxial surfaces. On Chinese cabbage plants, ≈40% of neonates were removed when exposed to rainfall (5.6 cm/h for 3 min) within 5 min of release. Larval losses decreased rapidly as the interval between release and rainfall exposure increased and exposure to rainfall 2 h after release did not affect survival. On common cabbage plants, ≈65% of neonates were removed when exposed to rainfall within 30 min of release, losses decreased as the interval between release and rainfall exposure increased, but they decreased more slowly than on Chinese cabbage, and rainfall caused significant larval mortality up to 4 h after release. Rainfall also affected later instar larvae (susceptibility: 2nd> 3rd = 4th) but neither the susceptibility of these larvae nor that of pupae was affected by the host plant. Wet leaf surfaces disrupted movement and feeding site establishment by neonates. When dislodged from plants on to the surface of wet soil, most later stage larvae could relocate host plants, but most neonates could not.

Interaction between bracken and its insect herbivores

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
J. H. Lawton ◽  
M. MacGarvin
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
The World ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Typical Site

SynopsisBracken in Britain is a host for 27 species of insect herbivores, with a further 11 species that either feed below ground (and are poorly studied), or appear to be only rarely associated with the plant. A typical site in northern England has an average of 15–16 of these species in any one year. Compared with perennial herbaceous angiosperms with similar wide distributions, bracken is not noticeably depauperate in the number of insect species that feed upon it. Bracken in others parts of the world is attacked by a wide variety of insects, with more species present in the geographical areas where bracken is most common.The ‘feeding niches’ of some of these insects are reviewed. Most are very rare relative to the biomass of their host plants, probably because of the impact of natural enemies; the effect of most of the insects upon their host-plant is consequently negligible.Reverse effects, of host-plant upon the insects, are subtle but poorly understood. Experiments to elucidate these effects are briefly outlined.

Oviposition of diamondback moth in the presence and absence of a novel host plant

2010 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Henniges-Janssen ◽  
G. Schöfl ◽  
A. Reineke ◽  
D.G. Heckel ◽  
A.T. Groot
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Host Range Expansion ◽  
Cabbage Plant ◽  
Novel Host

AbstractThe diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)) consumes a wide variety of brassicaceous host plants and is a common pest of crucifer crops worldwide. A highly unusual infestation of a sugar pea crop was recorded in Kenya in 1999, which persisted for two consecutive years. A strain (DBM-P) from this population was established in the laboratory and is the only one of several strains tested that can complete larval development on sugar peas. The oviposition acceptance and preference of the DBM-P strain was assessed in the presence of cabbage plants, sugar pea plants or both, in comparison to another strain (DBM-Cj) that was collected from cabbage and is unable to grow on pea plants. As expected, DBM-Cj females preferred to oviposit on cabbage plants. Surprisingly, DBM-P females also laid most eggs on cabbage and very few on peas. However, they laid significantly more eggs on the cabbage plant when pea plants were present. Our findings suggest that DBM-P manifested the initial stages of an evolutionary host range expansion, which is incomplete due to lack of oviposition fidelity on pea plants.

Looking for the ants: selection of oviposition sites by two myrmecophilous butterfly species

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Wynhoff ◽  
Mark Grutters ◽  
Frank van Langevelde
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Sanguisorba Officinalis ◽  
Myrmica Scabrinodis ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractObligate myrmecophilous butterfly species, such as Maculinea teleius and M. nausithous that hibernate as caterpillar in nests of the ant species Myrmica scabrinodis and M. rubra respectively, have narrowly defined habitat requirements. One would expect that these butterflies are able to select for sites that meet all their requirements. Both butterfly species occur in habitats where their initial larval resource, the host plant Sanguisorba officinalis, is abundant, while the ant nests are relatively less abundant. With ants in the proximity of a host plant, caterpillars have a chance of being found by their host ant species, while the host plant could become a sink as caterpillars will die when there are no ants close to the host plant. We tested whether females oviposit on host plants in the close proximity of host ants (ant-mediated oviposition) or whether there is random oviposition, using 587 1-m2 plots in and around a nature reserve in The Netherlands where both species were reintroduced. We found that females of both species indeed more often deposit eggs on host plants nearby ants than on host plants without ants. Visits of adult butterflies to plots with the host plant but without the host ants only occurred in years with high butterfly densities. We argue that understanding site selection for oviposition is important for these highly endangered butterfly species with a specialised life cycle, especially after disturbances or reintroductions.

scholarly journals THE INFECTIVITY OF SFMNPV ON FALL ARMYWORM IS INFLUENCED BY THE HOST PLANT

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
IGOR HENRIQUE SENA DA SILVA ◽  
VICTOR HUGO DUARTE DA COSTA ◽  
JULIANO DE CARVALHO CURY ◽  
FERNANDO HERCOS VALICENTE ◽  
RICARDO ANTONIO POLANCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Plant Host

ABSTRACT - This work evaluated the infectivity and production of occlusion bodies (OBs) of the SfMNPV-6NR on fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, when fed on different host plants. The experiment was performed in laboratory, in a completely randomized design using two concentrations of SfMNPV-6NR (2×106 and 2×107 OBs/mL) and six different host plants (soybean, corn, cotton, bean, sorghum and millet). The larval mortality, larval weight (LW), pupal weight (PW) of S. frugiperda and the production of OBs by virus were evaluated. S. frugiperda larvae were less susceptible to baculovirus when fed on cotton leaves (38 ± 4.17 and 70 ± 6.44% mortality) in the two concentrations tested (2×106 and 2×107 OBs/mL, respectively). The LW was affected by the virus concentration depending on the plant species consumed and the virus concentrations. The PW was affected by the plant species used to feed larvae. There was no effect of the host plant on the OBs virus production. The results demonstrate adverse effects of the host plant on the infectivity of the SfMNPV-6NR in S. frugiperda, especially a deleterious effect of the cotton plant in the virus infection capacity.Keywords: Fall armyworm, entomopathogenic virus, tritrophic interaction, plant host, cotton. A INFECTIVIDADE DE SfMNPV SOBRE A LAGARTA-DO-CARTUCHO É INFLUENCIADA PELA PLANTA HOSPEDEIRA  RESUMO – Este trabalho avaliou a capacidade de infecção e produção de corpos de oclusão (CO) de SfMNPV- 6NR sobre a lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda, quando alimentada em diferentes plantas hospedeiras. O experimento foi realizado em laboratório, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando duas concentrações de SfMNPV-6NR (2×106 e 2×107 CO/mL) e seis diferentes plantas hospedeiras (soja, milho, algodão, feijão, sorgo e milheto). Foram avaliados a mortalidade larval, o peso de larvas mortas (PL), o peso de pupa (PP) e a produção de CO do vírus. As larvas de S. frugiperda foram menos suscetíveis ao baculovírus quando alimentadas com folhas de algodão, apresentando as menores taxas de mortalidade (38 ± 4,17 e 70 ± 6,44%) com as duas concentrações testadas (2×106 e 2×107 CO/mL, respectivamente). O PL foi afetado pela concentração de vírus, dependendo da espécie de planta consumida e concentração de vírus testada. O PP foi afetado pela espécie de planta com a qual as larvas foram alimentadas. Não houve efeito da planta hospedeira na produção de CO do vírus. Nossos resultados demonstram um efeito adverso da planta hospedeira sobre a infectividade do vírus em S. frugiperda, especialmente um efeito deletério da planta de algodão na capacidade de infecção do vírus.Palavras-chave: lagarta-do-cartucho-do-milho, vírus entomopatogênico, interação tritrófica, planta hospedeira, algodão. 

Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum Hellen and Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L), feeding on a new host plant

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rossbach ◽  
B. Löhr ◽  
S. Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
New Host

AbstractInterspecific competition between an introduced parasitoid species aimed at controlling a herbivorous pest species and a native parasitoid parasitising the same host may influence the success of classical biological control programmes. In Kenya, interspecific competition between an introduced and a local parasitoid on two diamondback moth populations (DBM, Plutella xylostella) was investigated on two different host plants. We tested simultaneous and delayed competition of the local parasitoid Diadegma mollipla Holmgren and its exotic congenus D. semiclausum Hellen on a newly aquired DBM host plant (snowpea) in the laboratory. Under simultaneous competition, D. mollipla produced more progeny than D. semiclausum on snowpea. A head start of D. Mollipla, of four and eight hours before its congenus was introduced, resulted in a similar number of progeny of both species. In delayed competition (time intervals of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h), progeny production was similar for both parasitoids when the time interval was 24 h, irrespective of which species parasitized first. More progeny was produced by the species which attacked first, when the time interval was greater than 24 h, although it was only significant at 72 h. Competitive abilites of both parasitoids on the new host plant differed largely between laboratory and semi-field conditions. The influence of two host plants (snowpea and cabbage) on competition was studied in the greenhouse with different host and parasitoid densities. Parasitism levels of D. semiclausum were significantly higher than those of D. mollipla, regardless of host plant, host and parasitoid densities, but progeny production of D. mollipla on snowpea was still slightly higher than on cabbage. As compared to the confinement of parasitoids and larvae to small containers, D. mollipla parasitized very few larvae in the cages. Competitive ability of the two parasitoid species tested was influenced both by the density of the searching females and by parameters related to either the host plant and/or the herbivorous hosts.

scholarly journals Determinants of Within-Patch Microdistribution and Movements of Endangered Butterfly Coenonympha Oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Hacquetia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Čelik ◽  
Branko Vreš ◽  
Andrej Seliškar
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Herb Layer ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Patch Network ◽  
Selection Of

Determinants of Within-Patch Microdistribution and Movements of Endangered Butterfly Coenonympha Oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) The within-patch microdistribution and movements of adults of the critically endangered butterfly, Coenonympha oedippus, were studied using mark-recapture data from an isolated patch network, which consisted of 8 patches in central Slovenia. The impact of patch characteristics on both parameters was analyzed. Males fly longer distances and spend more time flying than females. The distances and seasonal pattern of male movements were dependent on the patch size, and on the microdistribution and density of freshly emerged (receptive) females. The spatial and temporal pattern of female microdistribution was influenced by vegetation height, the homogeneity of host plant stands and the shading of the ground and/or the lowest parts of herb layer. In the case of near continuous distribution of host plants within a patch, the structure of herb vegetation appears to be the major determinant of adult microdistribution. It affects the dynamics of butterfly emergence and the selection of oviposition sites. The per cent cover of the nectar plant, Potentilla erecta, does not play an important role in butterfly microdistribution.

scholarly journals Impact of insecticides on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on cabbage in northern Benin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice G. Sinhouenon ◽  
Hugues Baimey ◽  
Laura Wauters ◽  
Rufin Dossou ◽  
Regis B. Ahissou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Description of the subject. The article deals with the study of compatibility of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species with insecticides currently used against diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) in northern Benin Objectives. The aim of this work was to determine the impact of five insecticides on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against DBM larvae. Method. Infective juveniles (IJs) of two EPN species (Steinernema sp. 83a and Heterorhabditis sonorensis KF723827) were exposed to five insecticides used against P. xylostella larvae in Djougou for 48 h. The number of surviving nematodes was used to infest DBM larvae. The experiment was carried out under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Results. The bioassays carried out in laboratory showed that the survival rate of nematodes exposed to KARATE 2.5 WG, LAMBDA SUPER 2.5EC or neem oil ranges between 95% and 98%. In the treated plots, Steinernema sp. 83a was the most virulent with the highest P. xylostella mortality (87% at 50 IJs·cm-2 after 24 h) while only 35% larval mortality was recorded for H. sonorensis applied at the same dose. Population density of nematodes which penetrated DBM larvae reached 9 ± 3I IJs·larva-1 for H. sonorensis KF723827 and 6 ± 2 IJs·larva-1 for Steinernema sp. 83a. In cadaver of DBM, nematode reproduction did not appear to be affected by the contact with insecticides. Conclusions. Based on our research, we conclude that the three insecticides did not affect EPNs efficiency and could be used in combination against DBM.

scholarly journals Behavior and oviposition preferences of a black-veined white, Aporia crataegi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jugovic ◽  
A. Kržič
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Oviposition Preferences ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Oviposition Sites

We studied the behavior and oviposition preferences in Aporia crataegi. The study was conducted in a network of dry karst meadows with hedgerows consisted mainly of host plants (Crataegus monogyna; Prunus spinosa, Prunus mahaleb, Rosa sp.) between them. We recorded 15 different behaviours that we divided into six categories: (1) behaviours connected to flight (9 different behaviors), resting (2 behaviors); and (3) feeding, (4) courtship, (5) copula and (6) oviposition with one behaviour each. Males proved to spend most of their time on wings patrolling, while females were more sedentary, but still actively flying and searching for nectar sources and oviposition sites. Differences in behaviour between the sexes were less prominent during the morning but increased during the midday and afternoon, as the males became more active but females were resting and feeding more, probably after searching for host plants and egg-laying earlier in the day. Most commonly, C. monogyna was chosen for oviposition by females, but we found a single oviposition site on P. mahaleb as well. Females lay their eggs in clusters of an average size (AVG±SD/SE) of 34.4±12.8/2.05 eggs, and from a single to up to seven oviposition sites were recorded per host plant. Since the number of eggs in each recorded plant with four or more oviposition sites exceeded an upper limit of eggs laid by a single female reported in literature, females either can lay more eggs or more than one female chose the same host plant. Occupied host plants had similar characteristics as the ones occupied with larvae; females preferably choose smaller shrubs, exposed to the sun with a high percentage (>50%) of a leaf litter coverage underneath them.

scholarly journals Movement away from feeding site of the aphid Sitobion αvenαe (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) when parasitized by Aphelinus αbdominαlis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Ρ. Lykouressis ◽  
Η.F. Υan Emden
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Overall Mortality

The aphid Sitobion avenae (F.), parasitized by Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman), tends to leave either the feeding sites gathering in particular parts of its host-plant or even the host-plant. This behavior partially explains the phenomenon of reduced parasitism contribution to the overall mortality in several aphid population studies as interpreted by Hughes’ method.

scholarly journals The impact of parasitoids on diamondback moth in Europe: a life table approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Tim Haye ◽  
Tina Dancau ◽  
Andrew M. R. Bennett ◽  
Peter G. Mason
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Pupal Parasitism ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), was first recorded in North America from Europe about 150 years ago and can be a significant pest of canola in Western Canada. Because parasitism of P. xylostella in Canada is generally low, the introduction of one or more additional exotic parasitoids from Europe is being considered to increase the suppression of P. xylostella populations. Life table studies to determine the impact of parasitoids on diamondback moth populations in Europe were conducted in northwestern Switzerland in 2014–2016. Net reproductive rates were found to be less than one in seven out of eight life tables, suggesting that P. xylostella populations in Switzerland are mostly driven by immigration and recolonisation. In total, seven primary parasitoid species and one hyperparasitoid were associated with diamondback moth. Pupal parasitism by D. collaris reached up to 30%, but because generational mortality was mainly driven by abiotic mortality factors and predation of larvae, the overall contribution of pupal parasitism was low (< 6%). In regions of Canada, where P. xylostella may have increasing populations and low larval mortality, the addition of D. collaris may be a promising approach. Life table studies across Canada are necessary to determine the need for such intervention.

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