Interaction between bracken and its insect herbivores

1985 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
J. H. Lawton ◽  
M. MacGarvin
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
The World ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Typical Site

SynopsisBracken in Britain is a host for 27 species of insect herbivores, with a further 11 species that either feed below ground (and are poorly studied), or appear to be only rarely associated with the plant. A typical site in northern England has an average of 15–16 of these species in any one year. Compared with perennial herbaceous angiosperms with similar wide distributions, bracken is not noticeably depauperate in the number of insect species that feed upon it. Bracken in others parts of the world is attacked by a wide variety of insects, with more species present in the geographical areas where bracken is most common.The ‘feeding niches’ of some of these insects are reviewed. Most are very rare relative to the biomass of their host plants, probably because of the impact of natural enemies; the effect of most of the insects upon their host-plant is consequently negligible.Reverse effects, of host-plant upon the insects, are subtle but poorly understood. Experiments to elucidate these effects are briefly outlined.

Freedom to move: Arctic caterpillar (Lepidoptera) growth rate increases with access to new willows (Salicaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Greyson-Gaito ◽  
Matthew A. Barbour ◽  
Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal ◽  
Gregory M. Crutsinger ◽  
Gregory H.R. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Common Behaviour ◽  
Gynaephora Groenlandica

AbstractMovement between host plants during the growing season is a common behaviour among insect herbivores, although the mechanisms promoting these movements are poorly understood for many systems. Two possible reasons why insect herbivores relocate include compensating for host plant quantity and/or quality changes and the avoidance of natural enemies. The Arctic caterpillar (Gynaephora groenlandica (Wocke); Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) moves several metres each day, feeds on its patchily distributed host plant, Arctic willow (Salix arctica Pallas; Salicaceae), and has two main natural enemies, the parasitoids Exorista thula Wood (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Hyposoter diechmanni (Nielsen) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). We physically moved caterpillars between Arctic willows and restricted other caterpillar individuals each to a single willow throughout the active period of Arctic caterpillars. We found that growth rate, herbivory rate, and the proportion of available leaf fascicles eaten were higher for experimentally moved caterpillars. Parasitoid abundances were low and did not differ between experimentally moved and stationary caterpillars. Taken together, our study addresses the bottom–up and top–down controls on insect herbivore movement during the short duration of the growing season in the Arctic. Our results suggest that caterpillars are likely moving to new willow shrubs to access high quality resources.

IBSE Training Feedback and Its Impact on the Design of the Next Training Program

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-143
Author(s):  
Kallia Katsampoxaki-Hodgetts ◽  
Stylianos Terzakis ◽  
Nikolaos Chaniotakis
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
Training Session ◽  
The World ◽  
Curriculum Guidelines ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

An inquiry science-based education is commonly followed in a variety of educational contexts around the world and is a key parameter in various national curriculum guidelines. The impetus of this chapter is to record the initial and final reactions of science teachers participating in a series of one-year action research and training program that took place in the University of Crete (UoC) in 2013-2016, identify their perception of the first training course, and explore the impact this data had on the program's redesign for the following training session by the technical board. Teacher reactions and responses regarding what they thought had, and had not, worked well in their classes were taken into account prior to re-designing the training program that the new teachers were going to join the following year. Looking into the general benefits as well as challenges, the authors also examined the overall effect of the UoC IBSE training program to participants as reported by both students and teachers.

scholarly journals Can Panel Data Methodologies Determine the Impact of Climate Change on Economic Growth?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Rosen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Omitted Variable Bias ◽  
The World ◽  
Variable Bias ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

Several major papers have been published over the last ten years claiming to have detected the impact of either annual variations in weather or climate change on the GDPs of most countries in the world using panel data-based statistical methodologies. These papers rely on various multivariate regression equations which include the annual average temperatures for most countries in the world as one or more of the independent variables, where the usual dependent variable is the change in annual GDP for each country from one year to the next year over 30-50 year time periods. Unfortunately, the quantitative estimates derived in these papers are misleading because the equations from which they are calculated are wrong. The major reason the resulting regression equations are wrong is because they do not include any of the appropriate and usual economic factors or variables which are likely to be able to explain changes in GDP/economic growth whether or not climate change has already impacted each country’s economy. These equations, in short, exhibit suffer from “omitted variable bias,” to use statistical terminology.

scholarly journals Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Psychosocial Development of Children

2017 ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laveena D’Mello ◽  
Meena Monteiro ◽  
Sathyendra Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The World ◽  
Child Patient ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the leading cause of death in children under age five, in many parts of Africa and South East Asia. The interval between exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the development of AIDS is shorter in children than in adults. Infants infected with HIV have a high chance of developing AIDS within one year and dying before age three. In the remainder, AIDS progresses more slowly; the average child patient survives to adolescence. In the past, the world has faced many pandemics like cholera and plague. At the turn of the 20th century, the world faced influenza pandemic [1]. Every fifty to sixty years, the world has faced a new disease that has been of the nature of an epidemic. These diseases have left a trail of death and morbidity. There has been widespread fear and stigma attached to the victims due to ignorance and fear. As the diseases have progressed people have made efforts to study the issues. They have found the cause, spread, cures, and vaccines to prevent the spread of the disease. The aim of the study is to know the Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Psychosocial Development of Children and the objectives are to study the knowledge and awareness about HIV/AIDS. And to study the psychosocial problems faced by the children. In this regard, the researcher conducted a survey of 50 samples of children below the age group of 18 from the community.

scholarly journals Whiteflies Provide Honeydew to Camponotus ants Without Receiving Reciprocal Favor

Sociobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Raí Martins De Jesus ◽  
Ramon Paes Junior ◽  
Gleicy Do Carmo ◽  
Danilo Mota ◽  
Lessando Moreira Gontijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Sooty Mold ◽  
Field Laboratory ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
The Impact

The notion that tending ants provide protection to honeydew-producing hemipterans is widely accepted. Nevertheless, there have been debates about whether or not this protection can always disrupt the biological control of hemipterans. Although various hemipteran species interact with tending ants, most studies have focused on the mutualism between ants and aphids.  Woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) is an important pest of citrus whose nymphs are frequently tended by ants such as Camponotus. However, it is unknown whether or not ants in this genus can disrupt biological control of woolly whitefly by protecting this pest’s nymphs from natural enemies. We investigated the impact of Camponotus ants on the biological control of woolly whitefly in the field by excluding or allowing the access of ants to whitefly nymph colonies in different tangerine trees. Furthermore, in a laboratory study we also assessed the behavior of Camponotus ants in response to woolly whitefly’s common predator cues (visual and scent).  In summary, this field-laboratory study suggests that there is no mutualism between tending Camponotus ants and the whitefly A. floccosus; rather it indicates commensalism as an alternative interaction. Interactions as this may provide more benefits for the host plant, whereby Camponotus ants can reduce sooty mold by removing honeydew from the leaves and favor pest biological control by leaving the whiteflies unprotected.

scholarly journals Preferable Host Plants of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae in Southern Punjab Pakistan under Laboratory Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramzan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
The World ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is considered an important noctuid moth pest of agricultural crops all over the world and recently become an invasive pest in Pakistan. The crops belonging to Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae families are highly affected with this pest. The description of host plants is very important in understanding the biology, ecology and application of most effective techniques against the pest. By keeping in view, the importance of this pest, the current study was conducted to evaluate the most preferable host plant such as maize, potato, cabbage, cotton and lehli for this pest in the study area. The results showed that cabbage and maize were the most suitable hosts for larval feeding. The incubation period was recorded 2.00 and 2.12 days on cabbage and maize, respectively. The developmental period of larvae was found longer on cabbage as compared to maize. Potato, cotton and lehli were not found suitable for pest rearing. The study concluded that maize and cabbage are the most suitable hosts for S. frugiperda larvae under natural and controlled conditions.

Impact of COVID-19 on the perception of Indian investors towards investment in equity fund

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050040
Author(s):  
Kishore Kumar Das ◽  
Rupsa Mahapatra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Equity Fund ◽  
Consumer Durables ◽  
The World ◽  
Fast Moving Consumer Goods ◽  
World Nation ◽  
One Year ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Impact

During the post demonetization and GST, Indian economy was struggling continuously to recover from the economic crisis. In the financial year 2019–2020, GDP rate fell from 7% to 5.4% which is about 18.20%. BSE Sensex index was 42273 as on January 20th of 2020 but on April 8, 2020, it was 29894. During the Financial year 2019–2020, a reduction of 26% in mid cap index was observed, but at the same time, sensitive index reduced by 22%. These things affect the share market and financial stability of people. The stock market over the last one-year became volatile and crashed. To handle the downwards economy, Government took the initiative and announced deep tax cuts for businesses in the month of August 2019. But in the beginning of the year 2020, there was another sluggish phase which stubborn the economy. This time, it was a virus, named as COVID-19(coronavirus), which created a pandemic situation and spread all over the world. Nation-wide lock down was announced to fight with COVID-19 as there was no vaccine introduced. Starting from agriculture to textile, apparel, automotive, aviation, hotels and restaurants, poultry, chemicals, consumer durables, entertainment, sports, FMCG (fast moving consumer goods), pharmaceutical, ecommerce, IT and moreover corporate sectors were adversely affected due to this pandemic and lock down rules. Therefore, this paper focuses on the impact of corona on the perception of Indian investors towards investment in equity fund.

High-resolution weather simulation for sub-Saharan Africa on the World Community Grid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Le Coz ◽  
Qidi Yu ◽  
Lloyd A. Treinish ◽  
Manuel Garcia Alvarez ◽  
Ashley Cryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Large Area ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

<p>Rainfall in Africa is difficult to estimate accurately due to the large spatial variability. Most of the monsoon rainfall is generated by convective rainstorms that can be very localized, sometimes covering less than 100 km2. The goal of the African Rainfall Project is to run the Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) model for sub-Saharan Africa at a convection-permitting resolution in order to better represent such rainfall events. The resolution will be 1km, which is finer than most studies over Africa, which typically use resolutions of 3km or more. Running WRF for such a large area at such a high resolution is computationally expensive, which is where IBM’s World Community Grid comes in. The World Community Grid (WCG) is part of the Social Corporate Responsibility of IBM that crowdsources unused computing power from volunteers devices and donates it to scientific projects.</p><p>The simulation was adapted to the WCG by dividing the simulation of one year over sub-Saharan Africa in many smaller simulations of 48h over 52 by 52 km domains. These simulations are small enough to be calculated on a single computer of a volunteer at the required resolution. In total, 35609 overlapping domains are covering the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. During the post-processing phase, the smaller simulations are merged back together to obtain one consistent simulation over the whole continent.</p><p>Our main focus is rainfall, as this is the variable with the highest socio-economic impact in Africa. However, the outputs of the simulations include other variables such as the 2m-temperature, the 10m-wind speed and direction. These variables are outputted every 15min. At the end of this project, we will have over 3 billion files for a total of 0.5 PB. The data will be reorganized so that the different variables can be stored, searched and retrieved efficiently. After the reorganization, the data will be made publicly available.</p><p>The first validation step will be to examine the impact of dividing sub-Saharan Africa into many smaller domains. This will be done by comparing the simulation from this project to one large simulation. This simulation is obtained by running WRF at a 1km resolution on a large domain (500km by 1000km) for a shorter period, using Cartesius, the Dutch national computer. The second validation step will be to compare the simulations with satellite data and with in-situ measurements from the TAHMO network (www.tahmo.org).</p>

Host-Plant Specific Feeding Relationships and Insect Developmental Stage Modulate the Impact of Rainfall on Diamondback Moth Larvae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
Myron P Zalucki ◽  
Michael J Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oviposition Sites

Abstract The impact of simulated rainfall on diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), larvae depends on their stage-specific feeding behavior, physical characteristics, and host plants. Neonates released at typical oviposition sites on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis L. [Brassicales: Brassicaceae]) plants moved less (3–72 cm) and spend shorter periods (>1 h) than it has been previously reported for common cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. [Brassicales: Brassicaceae]) (>80 cm and >3 h, respectively) before establishing feeding sites. On both host plants, larvae spent longer on the abaxial surfaces of leaves and were more likely to establish mines there than on the adaxial surfaces. On Chinese cabbage plants, ≈40% of neonates were removed when exposed to rainfall (5.6 cm/h for 3 min) within 5 min of release. Larval losses decreased rapidly as the interval between release and rainfall exposure increased and exposure to rainfall 2 h after release did not affect survival. On common cabbage plants, ≈65% of neonates were removed when exposed to rainfall within 30 min of release, losses decreased as the interval between release and rainfall exposure increased, but they decreased more slowly than on Chinese cabbage, and rainfall caused significant larval mortality up to 4 h after release. Rainfall also affected later instar larvae (susceptibility: 2nd> 3rd = 4th) but neither the susceptibility of these larvae nor that of pupae was affected by the host plant. Wet leaf surfaces disrupted movement and feeding site establishment by neonates. When dislodged from plants on to the surface of wet soil, most later stage larvae could relocate host plants, but most neonates could not.

scholarly journals FIRST HOST PLANT RECORD FOR ANASTREPHA AMPLIATA HERNÁNDEZ-ORTIZ, 1990 (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (41-42) ◽  
Author(s):  
María De Jesús García Ramírez ◽  
Enrique Antonio Hernández ◽  
Juan José Vargas Magaña ◽  
Marvel Del Carmen Valencia Gutiérrez ◽  
Juan Carlos Chi Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The fruit flies of the Tephritidae family, represent one of the most important agricultural pests in the world, besides causing a great economic impact due to losses in a great diversity of fruits and other vegetables limit the development of agriculture in many countries and are the direct cause of a considerable number of quarantines and restrictions imposed by the importing countries, causing a detriment in the economy of fruits producing countries. However, in Mexico the knowledge of its hosts is generally restricted to <em>Anastrepha</em> species of economic importance, while studies on the relationship of other species of this genus with their host plants are poorly understood.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document