scholarly journals Larval Performance of a Major Forest Pest on Novel Hosts and the Effect of Stressors

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donnie L Peterson ◽  
Don Cipollini
Keyword(s):  
Plant Stress ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ancestral Stress ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Novel hosts lacking a coevolutionary history with herbivores can often support improved larval performance over historic hosts; e.g., emerald ash borer [Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) Coleoptera: Buprestidae] on North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Whether trees are novel or ancestral, stress on plants increases emerald ash borer preference and performance. White fringetree [Chionanthus virginicus (L.) Lamiales: Oleaceae] and olive [Olea europaea (L.) Lamiales: Oleaceae] are closely related non-ash hosts that support development of emerald ash borer to adulthood, but their relative suitability as hosts and the impact of plant stress on larval success has not been well studied. In a series of experiments, survival and growth of emerald ash borer larvae on these novel hosts were examined along with the impact of stress. In the first experiment, larvae grew more slowly in cut stems of olive than in green ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Marshall) Lamiales: Oleaceae] and several adults successfully emerged from larger olive stems. In two experiments on young potted olive with photosynthesizing bark, larvae died within a week, but mechanical girdling increased the rate of gallery establishment. The final two experiments on field-grown fringetrees found increased larval survivorship and growth in previously emerald ash borer attacked and mechanically girdled plants than in healthy stems or stems treated with the defense hormone, methyl jasmonate. Our results demonstrate that these non-ash hosts are less suitable for emerald ash borer than preferred ash hosts, but previous emerald ash borer attack or girdling led to better survival and growth demonstrating the importance of stress for larval success. In potted olive, high mortality could be due to higher loads of toxic compounds or the presence of chlorophyllous tissue.

Feeding, Survival, and Fecundity of Adult Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Foliage of Two Novel Hosts and Implications for Host Range Expansion

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-716
Author(s):  
Donnie L Peterson ◽  
Ben Slager ◽  
Andrea C Anulewicz ◽  
Don Cipollini
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Wood Borer ◽  
Adult Diet

Abstract Insect herbivores are more likely to successfully use a novel host if the plant is closely related to the ancestral host and the insect is polyphagous. Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a specialist wood borer of ash (Fraxinus spp., Lamiales: Oleaceae) trees and one of the most destructive forest pests in North American forests. Recent studies have found that larvae can develop in stems of two ash relatives; white fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus (L.) [Laminales: Oleaceae]) and cultivated olive (Olea europaea (L.) [Laminales: Oleaceae]). For EAB adults, the ability to consume, successfully mate, and lay viable eggs on foliage of these hosts is unknown. Thus, we conducted two no-choice assays with adult EAB on foliage of white fringetree and olive paired with positive controls of susceptible ash. Larval performance was also examined in a reciprocal study with cut stems of white fringetree and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) to determine whether adult diet impacted the success of progeny. Longevity, consumption rates, and fecundity of adults were similar on white fringetree and ash foliage. In contrast, adults consuming olive died quickly, consumed more over time, and females laid far fewer eggs compared to those on ash. Adult diet did not impact larval success, but larvae in white fringetree stems grew slower. These results indicate that white fringetree is a suitable host for EAB to complete its lifecycle, although larvae perform more poorly on this host than in susceptible ash species. In contrast, the more distantly related olive appears to be a poor host for adult EAB, although some viable eggs were produced by females.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Xylem Discoloration in Ash Trees Associated with Macroinjections of a Systemic Insecticide

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Tanis ◽  
Deborah McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), first identified near Detroit, Michigan, U.S., in 2002, has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in 28 states and two Canadian provinces to date. Trunk injections of insecticide products containing emamectin benzoate (EB) (e.g., TREE-ageR) are often used to protect ash trees in landscapes from EAB, but wounds and potential injury resulting from injections are a concern. Researchers examined 507 injection sites on 61 trees and recorded evidence of secondary wounding (e.g., external bark cracks, internal xylem necrosis and pathogen infection). Researchers assessed 233 injection sites on 22 green ash and 24 white ash trees macro-injected with a low or a medium-high rate of EB in 2008 only, or in both 2008 and 2009. Only 12 of 233 injection sites (5%) were associated with external bark cracks and there was no evidence of pathogen infection. On 39 of the 46 trees (85%), new xylem was growing over injection sites. Researchers assessed 274 injection sites on 15 green ash trees injected annually with EB from 2008 to 2013 or injected in 2008 and again in 2011. Bark cracks were associated with four injection sites on three trees, but no evidence of injury was found on the other 12 trees. All 15 trees had new xylem laid over injection sites. Confocal laser scanning and polarizing digital microscopy were used to assess the integrity of discolored xylem tissue removed from the immediate area surrounding 140 injection sites on 61 trees. Researchers found no evidence of decay associated with discoloration.

The Impact of Reduced Speech Intelligibility on Reaction Time in a Naval Combat Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1570-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Sheffield ◽  
John Ziriax ◽  
M. David Keller ◽  
William Barns ◽  
Douglas Brungart
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Impaired Hearing ◽  
Perceived Workload ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

Despite attempts to limit noise exposure, noise-induced hearing loss remains prevalent in the military. Both hearing loss and the noise itself can lead to communication issues which could negatively impact operational performance. This study builds upon a series of experiments examining the relationship between reduced speech intelligibility and performance in a naval command and control environment by equipping Navy watch standers with hearing loss simulators that control speech intelligibility in real time as they were engaged in a simulated operational scenario. This effort focused on the effects that a Sailor with impaired hearing might have on unimpaired shipmates and how the mission might specifically be impacted. Results showed that as speech intelligibility decreased for the impaired watch stander perceived workload increased in an unimpaired shipmate and the latency of the crew to respond to incoming missile threats and a direct order to kill an enemy ship increased significantly.

scholarly journals Beginning of the spread of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on the territory of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
В.Л. Мешкова ◽  
Т.В. Кучерявенко ◽  
Ю.Е. Скрыльник ◽  
О.В. Зинченко ◽  
А.И. Борисенко
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Detection Point ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

Целью исследования является выявление особенностей распространения ясеневой изумрудной узкотелой златки (ЯИУЗ) в насаждениях Луганской обл. в первый год после ее обнаружения. Обследованы насаждения с наличием в составе ясеня обыкновенного (Fraxinus excelsior L.) и ясеня зелёного, или пенсильванского (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), в лесном фонде трёх государственных лесоохотничьих предприятий (Старобельского, Белокуракинского и Сватовского), расположенных к западу от пунктов первого обнаружения ЯИУЗ в Луганской области. Установлено, что ясеневая изумрудная узкотелая златка присутствует практически во всех насаждениях с наличием в составе ясеня зелёного, что составляет 11,1% покрытой лесом площади. В течение 2020 г. ЯИУЗ распространилась на расстояние 32-52 км от первой точки обнаружения. Самая южная точка ее выявления - в районе с. Меловатка, самая западная - в районе с. Донцовка. Учитывая тенденцию распространения ЯИУЗ в юго-западном направлении, можно ожидать ее проникновения в Харьковскую и Донецкую области. Ясеневая изумрудная узкотелая златка заселяет в основном ясень зелёный, а у ясеня обыкновенного - поросль, деревья в насаждениях с низкой полнотой, на опушках и по периметру небольших по площади урочищ или лесополос. Средняя плотность личинок ЯИУЗ (±S.E.) в заселенных ветвях ясеня зелёного и ясеня обыкновенного достоверно не отличается (0,6±0,07 и 0,7±0,09 шт./дм2 соответственно). Однако доля образцов ясеня зелёного с наличием жизнеспособных личинок ЯИУЗ (91,4±3,12%; n = 45) была достоверно более высокой, чем ветвей ясеня обыкновенного (76,1±6,29%; n = 82). Вылетных отверстий ЯИУЗ в деревьях ясеня обыкновенного не обнаружено, а дополнительное питание её имаго отмечено только на листве деревьев ясеня зелёного. Наличие поселений ЯИУЗ в деревьях I-II категорий санитарного состояния свидетельствует о высокой агрессивности насекомого. Вопросы динамики состояния заселенных деревьев и выживания личинок ясеневой изумрудной узкотелой златки предстоит исследовать в дальнейшем, особенно относительно ясеня обыкновенного, который присутствует в насаждениях региона на 36,9% покрытой лесом площади. The goal of the research was to reveal the features of the spread of the emerald ash borer (EAB) in the stands of the Luhansk region during the first year after its detection. The stands with the presence of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the green ash (F. pennsylvanica) in the forest fund of Starobelskoe, Belokurakinskoe, and Svatovskoe Forest and Hunting Enterprises, located to the west of the points of the first detection of EAB in the Luhansk region, were examined. The EAB was found in almost all stands with the presence of green ash in the composition, which comprises 11.1% of the forested area. During 2020, the EAB spread over a distance of 32-52 km from the first detection point. The southernmost point where it was registered is near Melovatka, and the westernmost - is near Dontsovka. Taking into account the tendency of EAB to spread in the southwestern direction, we can expect its invasion to the Kharkiv and Donetsk regions. EAB inhabits mainly green ash, and in common ash it prefers sprouts, trees in the stands with low relative stocking density, and trees at the edges and along the perimeter of small forests or forest belts. The mean density (±S.E.) of EAB larvae in populated branches does not differ significantly for green ash and common ash (0.6±0.07 and 0.7±0.09 larvae/dm2, respectively). However, the proportion of EABcolonized branches of green ash (91.4±3.12%; n = 45) is significantly higher than that of common ash (76.1±6.29%; n = 82). The exit holes of EAB in the trees of common ash were not found. Maturation feeding of EAB was registered only in the trees of green ash. The presence of EAB galleries and larvae in the trees of the 1st and the 2nd categories of health condition (healthy-looking and weakened trees according to the Sanitary Rules in the Forests of Ukraine) indicates the aggressiveness of EAB. The dynamics of the health condition of EAB colonized trees, as well as the survival of its larvae are to be investigated further, especially for the common ash, which proportion in the stands of the region is about 36.9% of forest-covered area.

Genetic structure of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica): implications for the establishment ofex situconservation protocols in light of the invasion of the emerald ash borer

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance E. Hausman ◽  
Michelle M. Bertke ◽  
John F. Jaeger ◽  
Oscar J. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
The Usa

The USA is experiencing a prolific invasion of the wood-boring emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis. Native to Asia, this beetle completes its life cycle on ash trees and results in nearly complete mortality of all infested trees. In the present study, we examined the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation among eight populations ofFraxinus pennsylvanica(green ash) using five polymorphic microsatellite loci. Genetic information was used to design guidelines for the establishment of a seed collection sampling strategy to conserve the genetic diversity of ash trees. We found high levels of genetic diversity, as indicated by the allelic richness, both across the populations (16.4 ± 5.18 alleles per locus) and within them (8.03 ± 1.21 alleles per locus). The expected and observed heterozygosity was also high (0.805 ± 0.38 and 0.908 ± 0.04, respectively), and there was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations (FST= 0.083) with members of these eight populations grouped into three distinct clusters. We examined the relationship between the number of individuals sampled and the number of alleles captured in a random sample taken from a population of 10,000 individuals. Only sample sizes of 100 individuals captured most of the alleles (average = 78.74 alleles), but only seven of 50 samples effectively captured all the 82 alleles. Smaller samples did not capture all alleles. A probabilistic model was used to determine an optimal sampling strategy, and it was concluded that a collection of 200 seeds from each of five mother trees would have the highest likelihood of capturing all alleles in a population.

scholarly journals Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, and Herbicide Application on Ash (Fraxinus Spp.) Stump Sprouting and Colonization by Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby R. Petrice ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Fraxinus Nigra

Abstract Efforts to eradicate or slow the spread of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) include cutting infested and nearby uninfested ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. However, ash trees readily sprout after they have been cut, providing potential host material for EAB. In 2004–2005, we conducted studies to determine how different cutting times (midspring, late spring, and late summer), different cutting heights (0–5, 10–15, and 20–25 cm above the ground), and triclopyr (44% active ingredient) stump treatment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees affected subsequent stump sprouting and colonization by EAB. We also cut white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees 20–25 cm above the ground in late spring. Some stumps of each ash species tested sprouted and were colonized by EAB. All green ash stumps treated with triclopyr died and were not colonized by EAB. Stump sprouting was significantly lower for stumps cut in late spring compared with stumps cut in midspring or late summer. Stump sprouting did not vary significantly among cutting heights. None of the green ash stumps cut in midspring or cut 0–5 cm above the ground were colonized by EAB; however, the frequency of stump colonization by EAB did not vary significantly among cutting times or cutting heights.

scholarly journals Emerald Ash Borer Approaches the Borders of the European Union and Kazakhstan and Is Confirmed to Infest European Ash

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Mark G. Volkovitsh ◽  
Andrzej O. Bieńkowski ◽  
Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
European Ash

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, native to East Asia, is an invasive pest of ash in North America and European Russia. This quarantine species is a threat to ash trees all over Europe. Survey in ten provinces of European Russia in 2019–2020 showed that EAB had spread faster and farther than was previously thought. The new infested sites were first detected in St. Petersburg (110–120 km from the EU border: Estonia, Finland) and Astrakhan Province (50 km from the Kazakhstan border). The current range of EAB in Europe includes Luhansk Province of Ukraine and 18 provinces of Russia: Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Kaluga, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, St. Petersburg, Tambov, Tula, Tver, Vladimir, Volgograd, Voronezh, and Yaroslavl. Within these, only seven quarantine phytosanitary zones in five provinces are declared by the National Plant Protection Organization of Russia. EAB was not found in the regions along the Middle Volga: Mari El, Chuvash and Tatarstan republics, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and Saratov provinces. The infested sites in St. Petersburg and in the Lower Volga basin are range enclaves separated from the core invasion range by 470 and 370 km, correspondingly. It is possible that new enclaves can appear in the cities of Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan far from the current known range. All previously known infestations in European Russia were in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), which was introduced from North America, and individual trees of European ash (F. excelsior). A first confirmed case of mass decline of several thousand of EAB-infested European ash trees in Moscow province is provided. Therefore, there is no more doubt that under certain conditions EAB can seriously damage native ash trees in European forests.

scholarly journals Emerald Ash Borer ( Agrilus planipennis) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-349
Author(s):  
Andrea Anulewicz ◽  
Deborah McCullough ◽  
David Cappaert
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Blue Ash

Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a phloem-feeding insect native to Asia, was identified in 2002 as the cause of widespread ash (Fraxinus) mortality in southeast Michigan, U.S. and Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Little information about A. planipennis is available from its native range and it was not known whether this invasive pest would exhibit a preference for a particular North American ash species. We monitored A. planipennis density and canopy condition on green ash (F. pennsylvanica) and white ash (F. americana) street trees in four neighborhoods and on white and blue ash (F. quadrangulata) trees in two woodlots in southeast Michigan. Green ash street trees had significantly more canopy dieback and higher A. planipennis densities than white ash trees growing in the same neighborhood. Density increased by two- to fourfold in both species over a 3-year period. Canopy dieback increased linearly from 2002 to 2005 as A. planipennis density increased (R 2= 0.70). In each of the woodlots, A. planipennis densities were significantly higher on white ash trees than blue ash trees. Woodpecker predation occurred in all sites and accounted for 35% of the A. planipennis that developed on trees we surveyed. Results indicate that surveys for A. planipennis detection in areas with multiple ash species should focus on the relatively preferred species.

scholarly journals Fungi from Galleries of the Emerald Ash Borer Produce Cankers in Ash Trees

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Nickolas N. Rajtar ◽  
Benjamin W. Held ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Agar Plug ◽  
Ash Trees

The emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is a devastating invasive pest that has killed millions of ash trees in the United States and Canada. EAB was discovered in the US in 2002 and first reported in Minnesota in 2009. It attacks ash trees that are native to the United States, including Fraxinus americana (white ash), F. nigra (black ash) and F. pennsylvanica (green ash). It also attacks Chionanthus virginicus (white fringe tree). Seven species of fungi isolated and identified only from EAB-infested trees in a previous study as having the potential to cause cankers were used to test their pathogenicity in F. americana (white ash). The fungi used were Cytospora pruinosa, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium scolyti, and Thyronectria aurigera. Two field experiments that used F. americana used two inoculation methods: woodchip and agar plug inoculations. Results indicated that all of the fungi tested caused cankers in varying amounts, as compared to the controls. The largest cankers were caused by D. mutila (270 mm2), C. pruinosa (169 mm2), and D. seriata (69 mm2). All fungi except for T. aurigera were re-isolated and sequenced to confirm Kochs’ postulates. Canker-causing fungi found in association with EAB galleries have the potential to contribute to tree dieback and mortality.

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