scholarly journals Measures to manage, reduce and prevent medicines shortages in European countries in 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Vogler ◽  
S Fischer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Pricing ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Information Leaflets ◽  
Future Supply ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Pricing And Reimbursement

Abstract Background Several countries have seen an increase in medicines shortages that constitute a major public health threat as they can negatively impact the health outcomes of patients. The study aims to survey measures that European countries apply or consider introducing to address medicines shortages. Methods A questionnaire was sent to the public authorities, as involved in the Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information (PPRI) network, in 47 countries, thereof 44 countries of the WHO European region. Respondents were asked to report measures in place or being discussed as of the first quarter of 2020. Results Preliminary data from 8 countries (Albania, Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden; further responses are expected) show that national registers to which manufacturers notify, usually on a mandatory basis, upcoming and existing shortages (including end dates and causes in some countries) are common (all countries but Albania). Medicine reserve supplies that have to be kept for defined medicines exist in Albania and Finland; they are being established the Netherlands and are under discussion in Germany and Sweden. Finland and Italy allow issuing export bans for targeted medicines; this possibility is before implementation in Austria, was planned and then withdrawn in Romania and is under discussion in the other countries (except Albania). Further measures include simplified import permits (with patient information leaflets in foreign language), working groups with relevant stakeholders and financial sanctions for manufacturers in case of non-supply. Conclusions Governments have been reacting to shortages by implementing appropriate measures and adapting existing ones. Actions taken differ with regard to stakeholders addressed, the degree of obligation and the focus (optimising the management of existing shortages vs. prevention of future supply limitations). Key messages A mix of measures to address medicine shortages is applied in European countries. Recently, the number of measures increased, and actions requested from stakeholders tend to have become mandatory.

Women, Islam and rights in Europe: beyond a universalist/culturalist dichotomy

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANE FREEDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
School System ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Public School System ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
The Public ◽  
German States

In 2004 the French National Assembly and Senate passed legislation which makes it illegal for Muslim women to wear headscarves (the hijab) within French public schools. To be precise the legislation refers to the banning of ostentatious religious symbols within the secular domain of the public school system, but is clearly aimed primarily at Muslim women, following a long-running dispute over this issue. Similar debates are taking place in other European countries such as Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. A bill modelled on the recent French legislation has been tabled in the Belgian senate, whilst various court cases have been brought in other European countries by Muslim women who have been banned from wearing headscarves by employers or schools. Following a ruling of the German Supreme Court that a Muslim teacher should be allowed to wear a headscarf, as this did not contravene current legislation, the state of Baden-Wuerttenberg acted to introduce legislation to ban headscarves, and this legislation is likely to be copied by six other German states.

scholarly journals Constitutional and legal principles of regionalization in European countries: structural and functional characteristics of the mechanism of public power

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Grynchak
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public Power ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Democratic State

The article analyzes the basic principles of regionalization in European countries and highlights the key features of the mechanism of functioning of public authorities in the context of regionalization. The European experience convincingly shows that an effective decentralized system of territorial organization of public power and administration is an integral part of a modern democratic state governed by the rule of law. The institutional basis for such a system is effective local government and balanced regional development. Decentralization and regionalization are interconnected: regionalization cannot occur without decentralization. Regionalization is, in fact, decentralization, taking into account the regional characteristics of the state. Based on the principle of division of powers, for each democratic state it is necessary to delineate the competence of public authorities. In turn, it is extremely important to determine the optimal level of concentration of power powers for each institutional link in the public power system - with the subsequent transfer of “excess” powers to the subjects as close as possible to the population, that is, their decentralization. Regionalization means a way of defining and delimiting tasks and functions, in which most of them are transferred from the level of central bodies to a lower level and become their own tasks and powers of lower-level bodies, in particular, regions. Governance at the local level and in local affairs can be carried out in two ways: both by officials of the state apparatus appointed “from above”, functioning “on the ground” (officials of state authorities), and by local governments and other entities authorized by the state. It can also be noted that the share of administrative activities is assigned to regional bodies or other state-authorized entities. This decentralization of power in the state contributes to the development of democracy, because there is an expansion of the influence of territorial communities, social groups and the public on the implementation of public functions of government in order to optimally meet the diverse needs of the population. Regionalization is associated with the process of redistribution of public power resources (including power) between different levels and centers of public power in two directions: from the state to its internal formation (autonomies, subjects of the federation), and also from the state to cross-border structures and international centers public authorities (trans-European regions, international organizations, transnational corporations). Regionalism should be understood as an interconnected political and economic system that ensures the special status of regional entities in the political system of the state, the participation of regions in the implementation of state power, European integration and international relations, their relative economic and fiscal independence in a unitary and/or federal state. Regionalism is also expressed in policies that stimulate the endowing the regions with a certain degree of political independence. Regionalism is associated with the desire and movement of regions towards freedom of self-government, preservation and respect of their traditional culture and peculiar institutions.

scholarly journals Towards a legal strategy fitting today's challenge of reducing impacts of subsidence in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 825-829
Author(s):  
Martijn van Gils ◽  
Esther Stouthamer ◽  
Frank Groothuijse
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Damage Costs ◽  
Societal Impacts ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Economic Assets

Abstract. Land subsidence in the Netherlands is an ongoing process. An increasing number of people and economic assets are exposed to subsidence and damage costs are soaring. In some areas tipping points have already been reached, where current land-use can no longer be maintained without considerable costs. A specific policy focusing on subsidence is lacking. Dealing with the societal impacts of subsidence is mainly the (implicit) responsibility of the public authorities that regulate the drivers of subsidence. As the societal impacts continue to occur and are increasing, discussions arise on the exact drivers of subsidence and responsibilities for the impacts on society. Our study aims to analyse whether and to what extent public decision-making, which controls land subsidence due to groundwater-table lowering and extraction of hydrocarbons and its societal impacts, is organised effectively to reduce these societal impacts, and how the legal framework can be improved to achieve that. By studying the respective legal frameworks of these drivers, we map legal solutions for mitigation of subsidence itself or adaptation to its societal impacts – both eventually aimed at reducing the societal impacts of subsidence. In this paper, we focus on the legal framework of one of these drivers: groundwater-table lowering.

scholarly journals The arrival of COVID-19 in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Xavier Falières
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
The Public

The last three months have been the most memorable and the most tense period in the lives of the most of us. After Taking Wuhan (China) by storm, the coronavirus crossed all of the frontiers and reached to 202 countries, including the East Asian countries, Middle East, the Americas and then the European countries. The Netherlands was effected less, with about 1000 deaths and more than 12000 confirmed patients, than its neighbors – Italy and Spain, but had its share. This manuscript presents an outline of the public perceptions, and the guidelines to manage these patients at different stages of the disease, including ventilation and intubation protocols, based upon our experience of over two months. It does not claim to be complete and exhaustive, and the readers are directed to consult their National guidelines (if any). Citation: Falières X. The arrival of COVID-19 in the Netherlands (Perspective). Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):__ DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1. Received – 14 March 2020 Reviewed & Accepted – 18 March 2020

scholarly journals Policies to Encourage the Use of Biosimilars in European Countries and Their Potential Impact on Pharmaceutical Expenditure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Vogler ◽  
Peter Schneider ◽  
Martin Zuba ◽  
Reinhard Busse ◽  
Dimitra Panteli
Keyword(s):  
Information Service ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
High Price ◽  
Inpatient Setting ◽  
Pharmaceutical Pricing ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Policy Measures

Introduction: Biosimilar medicines are considered promising alternatives to new biologicals with high price tags. The extent of savings resulting from biosimilar use depends on their price and uptake, which are largely shaped by pricing, reimbursement, and demand-side policies. This article informs about different policy measures employed by European countries to design the biologicals market and explores potential savings from the increased use of biosimilar medicines in Germany.Methods: Policy measures that target the price and uptake of biosimilar medicines were identified based on a prefilled questionnaire survey with public authorities in 16 European countries, who were the members of the Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Information network (July 2020). Potential savings that could have been generated in Germany if different measures identified in the surveyed countries had been implemented were calculated for six publicly funded biological molecules. Price data of the Pharma Price Information service and German consumption data for 2018 were used for the calculation of five scenarios.Results: Several countries use a price link policy, setting the biosimilar price as a percentage of the price of the reference biological. Also lowering the price of the reference biological upon market entry of a biosimilar is less frequently used. While tendering of biosimilar medicines in the inpatient setting is the norm, it is rarely employed for biosimilars in outpatient use. Reference price systems and INN prescribing of medicines are the commonly used policy measures in the off-patent market, but some countries define exemptions for biologicals. Substituting biosimilars at the pharmacy level is rather an exception. Potential savings in Germany ranged from 5% (simple price link) to 55% (prices at the level of other countries) for the six studied molecules.Conclusion: Despite some differences, there are discernible tendencies across European countries with regard to their applications of certain policy measures targeting the price and uptake of biosimilar medicines. The potential for savings of some of these policies was clearly demonstrated. Monitoring and evaluation of these rather recent measures is key for obtaining a more comprehensive picture of their impact.

International Conference "Ecology. Human. Society"

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Benatov
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
New Information ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Process Element

Our conference is the first project of Student Science Association, which was restored in our University in 1998. The main peculiarity of the conference is the student organizing committee. The conference was attended by representatives of Russia, Belarus, Sweden, Poland, Bulgaria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Georgia, Iran, not mentioning hundreds of Ukrainian participants. We’re happy with the fact that our conference allows students to discover new information, which they wouldn’t find in training courses manuals; contrariwise businesses and organizations can get direct access to young and qualified staff. We believe that events like our conference are useful for the young scientists and also for the public authorities and businesses. Conference "Ecology. Human. Society "is a part of feedback between universities and market participants. The conference has overgrown limits of being simple educational process element. Today, it is a serious recruiting resource for state institutions and businesses - an important part of a mutually beneficial dialogue.

Public finance flow in contemporary Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2501-2523
Author(s):  
V.V. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Public Finance ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Economic Formation

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to public finance. Objectives. The article aims to identify the determinants, indicators, and priorities of the public finance flow in contemporary Russia. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of statistical, neural network, and cluster analyses, and the systems approach. Results. The article identifies and describes the determining indicators of the main aggregates and balances of public finance, sources, and the use of funds. It establishes a link between the main aggregates and balances of public finance, defining the form and content of Russian capitalism. Conclusions. Understanding the issue and problem of public finance flow in contemporary Russia helps identify the reasons for the inability to transit to a capitalist socio-economic formation. The provisions of the study expand the scope of knowledge and develop the competence of public authorities to make management decisions on the distribution and redistribution of the value of a public product and part of the national wealth.

SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF PUBLIC MARKETING

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 260-270
Author(s):  
Yevgeny Victorovich Romat ◽  
Yury Volodimirovich Havrilechko
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Marketing Concept ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public Marketing ◽  
The Public ◽  
State Management ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to research of theoretical problems of the concepts of the subject and object of public marketing. The definitions of these concepts are considered in the article, the evolution of their development is studied. The article provides an analysis of the main approaches to the notion of subjects and objects of public marketing, their relationship and role in the processes of public marketing. The authors proposes concrete approaches to their systematization. These approaches allow us to identify specific types of public marketing and their main characteristics. Relying on the analysis of the concept of “subject of public (state) management”, it is concluded that as bodies of state marketing, most often act as executive bodies of state power. In this case, the following levels of marketing subjects in the system of public administration are allocated: the highest level of executive power; Branch central bodies of executive power; Local government bodies; Separate government agencies. It is noted that the diversity of subjects of public marketing is explained, first of all, by the dependence on the tasks of the state and municipal government, the possibilities of introducing the marketing concept of these subjects and certain characteristics of the said objects of state marketing. It is noted that the concept of “subject of public marketing” is not always the identical notion of “subject of public administration”. First, not all public authorities are subjects of state marketing. In some cases, this is not appropriate, for example, in the activities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine or the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Secondly, state marketing is just one of many alternative management concepts, which is not always the most effective in the public administration system.

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