Developmental Aspects of SARS-CoV-2, Potential Role of Exosomes and Their Impact on the Human Transcriptome

With over 4.8 million deaths within 2 years, time is of the essence in combating COVID-19. The infection now shows devastating impacts on the younger population, who were not previously predicted to be vulnerable, such as in the older population. COVID-19-related complications have been reported in neonates whose mothers were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, and in children who get infected. Hence, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 during various developmental stages and placental transmission is essential. Although a connection has not yet been established between exosomal trafficking and the placental transmission of COVID-19, reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 components may be trafficked between cells through exosomes. As the infection spreads, the transcriptome of cells is drastically perturbed, e.g., through the severe upregulation of several immune-related genes. Consequently, a major outcome of COVID-19 is an elevated immune response and the detection of viral RNA transcripts in host tissue. In this direction, this review focuses on SARS-CoV-2 virology, its in utero transmission from infected pregnant mothers to fetuses, SARS-CoV-2 and exosomal cellular trafficking, transcriptomic impacts, and RNA-mediated therapeutics against COVID-19. Future research will establish stronger connections between the above processes to develop diagnostic and therapeutic solutions towards COVID-19 and similar viral outbreaks.

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Potential Role of Cytokines in Children with Acute Appendicitis and Acute Mesenteric Lymphadenitis

Acta Chirurgica Latviensis ◽

10.2478/v10163-012-0025-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 130-133

Author(s):

Astra Zviedre ◽

Arnis Engelis ◽

Mohit Kakar ◽

Aigars Pētersons

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Acute Appendicitis ◽

Inflammatory Mediators ◽

Potential Role ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Future Research ◽

Mesenteric Lymphadenitis ◽

Proper Diagnosis ◽

Near Future

Potential Role of Cytokines in Children with Acute Appendicitis and Acute Mesenteric Lymphadenitis Although, AAP and AML have different etiological factors, clinical symptoms are very much similar but treatment tactics in both the disease differ a lot. In case of AML, treatment is more conservative and does not require hospitalization while in case of AAP immediate hospitalization and maybe further surgery can be mandatory. With the identification of group of cytokines serum inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-10, IL-12[p70], IL-17, TNF-a and MCP-1, it is believed early and proper diagnosis of AAP in the near future. Research of cytokines-serum inflammatory mediators has opened new opportunities for an early detection and differentiation of these two diseases in children.

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Haptoglobin and Its Related Protein, Zonulin—What Is Their Role in Spondyloarthropathy?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10051131 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1131

Author(s):

Magdalena Chmielińska ◽

Marzena Olesińska ◽

Katarzyna Romanowska-Próchnicka ◽

Dariusz Szukiewicz

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Immune System ◽

Potential Role ◽

Acute Phase Protein ◽

Related Protein ◽

Functional Differences ◽

Phase Protein ◽

Its Polymorphism

Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein which supports the immune response and protects tissues from free radicals. Its concentration correlates with disease activity in spondyloarthropathies (SpAs). The Hp polymorphism determines the functional differences between Hp1 and Hp2 protein products. The role of the Hp polymorphism has been demonstrated in many diseases. In particular, the Hp 2-2 phenotype has been associated with the unfavorable course of some inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Its potential role in modulating the immune system in SpA is still unknown. This article contains pathophysiological considerations on the potential relationship between Hp, its polymorphism and SpA.

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Epigenetic Changes in the Regulation of Nicotiana tabacum Response to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection and Symptom Recovery through Single-Base Resolution Methylomes

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v10080402 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 402 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Chenguang Wang ◽

Chaonan Wang ◽

Wenjie Xu ◽

Jingze Zou ◽

Yanhong Qiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Reduced Representation ◽

Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing ◽

Symptom Recovery

Plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to respond to viral infection. These responses have been studied in detail at the level of host immune response and antiviral RNA silencing (RNAi). However, the possibility of epigenetic reprogramming has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we identified the role of DNA methylation during viral infection and performed reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) on tissues of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected Nicotiana tabacum at various developmental stages. Differential methylated regions are enriched with CHH sequence contexts, 80% of which are located on the gene body to regulate gene expression in a temporal style. The methylated genes depressed by methyltransferase inhibition largely overlapped with methylated genes in response to viral invasion. Activation in the argonaute protein and depression in methyl donor synthase revealed the important role of dynamic methylation changes in modulating viral clearance and resistance signaling. Methylation-expression relationships were found to be required for the immune response and cellular components are necessary for the proper defense response to infection and symptom recovery.

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Ecophysiology of egg rejection in hosts of avian brood parasites: new insights and perspectives

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/cz/zoab042 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Ruiz-Raya

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Physiological State ◽

Host Responses ◽

Future Research ◽

Egg Rejection ◽

Fitness Costs ◽

Brood Parasites ◽

Proximate Mechanisms ◽

Proximate Factors

Abstract Egg rejection is the most effective and widespread defence used by host species to counteract the extreme fitness costs frequently imposed by obligate avian brood parasites. Yet, the proximate mechanisms underlying between- and within-individual variation in host responses remain poorly explored. Emerging evidence suggests that egg rejection is dependent on individual physiological state, and draws attention to the role of hormones as mediators of flexible antiparasitic responses. In this perspective article, I outline recent advances in our understanding of the proximate factors that mediate egg rejection. I also point out some areas where knowledge remains still lacking, especially those related to the development and maintenance of effective cognitive functions, the potential role of oxidative stress, immunological state and developmental stressors. I propose new hypotheses that stimulate future research on behavioural host responses towards brood parasitism.

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The relationship between cooperative and competitive behavioral tendencies and trust in coworkers

Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship ◽

10.1108/ebhrm-03-2020-0034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 345-360

Author(s):

Ece Ömüriş ◽

Ferda Erdem ◽

Janset Özen Aytemur

Keyword(s):

Mixed Methods Research ◽

Potential Role ◽

Employee Relations ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Behavioral Tendencies ◽

The Relationship

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between cooperative and competitive behavioral tendencies and trust of coworkers in organizations. Two main hypotheses were developed. The first hypothesis was that cooperativeness and trust in coworkers is positively correlated. The second hypothesis was that competitiveness and trust in coworkers is negatively correlated.Design/methodology/approachThe sample was 442 Turkish tourism sector employees in a labor-intensive industry. Two scales were used to measure trust in coworkers and cooperativeness/competitiveness. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to understand how individuals' behavioral tendency affects their coworkers' trust in them.FindingsThe findings strongly supported the first hypothesis, in that cooperativeness was positively correlated with trust in coworkers. The second hypothesis was only partially supported because there was no significant relationship between competitiveness and the competency and trustworthiness dimensions of trust. Unselfishness aspect of trust, however, was negatively correlated with competitiveness.Research limitations/implicationsThe main contribution of this study is to show that employee cooperativeness and competitiveness can affect trust in coworker relations. However, the measurement of competitiveness and cooperativeness measurement had limitations due to differences in the culture-specific meanings of cooperation and competition. Future research employing mixed methods research is needed to further explain the content of the two tendencies and the relationship between the concepts.Originality/valueThe literature on trust and employee relations tends to focus more on the issue of trust between managers and subordinates while neglecting the complex and multifaceted structure of trust in employee–employer relations. However, new working forms mean that horizontal relations are increasingly important. Therefore, more research is needed to address the tendencies and structures that affect trust in coworkers. This study draws attention to the potential role of cooperative and competitive behaviors in trust in horizontal employee relations.

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Potential role of soluble CD40 in the humoral immune response impairment of uraemic patients

Immunology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01716.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 131-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Cecile Contin ◽

Vincent Pitard ◽

Yahsou Delmas ◽

Nadege Pelletier ◽

Thierry Defrance ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Humoral Immune Response ◽

Potential Role ◽

Humoral Immune

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Variation in the microbiome of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus with sex, instar and endosymbiont infection

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiaa004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yu-Xi Zhu ◽

Zhang-Rong Song ◽

Shi-Mei Huo ◽

Kun Yang ◽

Xiao-Yue Hong

Keyword(s):

Spider Mite ◽

Potential Role ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Spider Mites ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

Dominant Bacteria ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Most arthropod-associated bacterial communities play a crucial role in host functional traits, whose structure could be dominated by endosymbionts. The spider mite Tetranychus truncatus is a notorious agricultural pest harboring various endosymbionts, yet the effects of endosymbionts on spider mite microbiota remain largely unknown. Here, using deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiota of male and female T. truncatus with different endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) across different developmental stages. Although the spider mite microbiota composition varied across the different developmental stages, Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria harbored in all samples. Positive relationships among related operational taxonomic units dominated the significant coassociation networks among bacteria. Moreover, the spider mites coinfected with Wolbachia and Spiroplasma had a significantly higher daily fecundity and juvenile survival rate than the singly infected or uninfected spider mites. The possible function of spider-mite associated bacteria was discussed. Our results highlight the dynamics of spider mite microbiotas across different life stages, and the potential role of endosymbionts in shaping the microbiota of spider mites and improving host fitness.

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The Role of Microbiome in Cancer Cell Stimulation and Therapy

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i51b33520 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 97-115

Author(s):

Shahira Hassoubah

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Future Research ◽

Published Data ◽

Disease States ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Indigenous Microbiota ◽

Symbiotic Microbiota ◽

Insight Into

In recent times, the microbiome has been increasingly recognized as having a hand in various disease states that include cancer as a part. Our commensal and symbiotic microbiota, in addition to pathogens with oncogenesis features, have tumor-suppressive characteristics. Our nutrition and other environmental influences can modulate some microbial species representatives within our digestive system and other systems. The microbiota has recently shown a two-way link to cancer immunotherapy for both the prognosis and the therapeutic aspects. Preclinical results indicated that microbiota modification could be transformed into a novel technique to improve cancer therapy's effectiveness. This article aimed to review recent development in our understanding of the microbiome and its relationship to cancer cells and discuss how the microbiome stimulates cancer and its clinical and therapeutic applications. Such information was selected and extracted from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for published data from 2000 to 2020 using relevant keywords containing a combination of terms, including the microbiome, cancer, immune response, immune response, and microbiota. Finally, we concluded that studying the human microbiome is necessary because it provides a thorough understanding of humans' interaction and their indigenous microbiota. The microbiome provides useful insight into future research studies to optimize these species to fight life-threatening diseases such as cancer and has rendered the microbiome a successful cancer treatment strategy.

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The Role of IL-36 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Autoimmune Diseases

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.727956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-jian Chen ◽

Xiao Yu ◽

Xin-Rong Yuan ◽

Bang-jie Chen ◽

Na Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Future Research ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Receptor Complexes ◽

Multiple Organs ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

A member of the interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily was IL-36, which contained IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra. Heterotrimer complexes, consisting of heterodimeric receptor complexes and IL-36 agonist, gave signals through intracellular functional domains, so as to bind to downstream proteins and induce inflammatory response. IL-36 agonists upregulated mature-associated CD80, CD86, MHCII, and inductively produced several pro-inflammatory cytokines through the IL-36R-dependent manner in dendritic cells (DCs). Besides, DCs had the ability to initiate the differentiation of helper T (Th) cells. Up to date, the role of IL-36 in immunity, inflammation and other diseases is of great importance. Additionally, autoimmune diseases were characterized by excessive immune response, resulting in damage and dysfunction of specific or multiple organs and tissues. Most autoimmune diseases were related to inflammatory response. In this review, we will conclude the recent research advances of IL-36 in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases, which may provide new insight for the future research and the treatment of these diseases.

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